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摘要: 为了促进公路独柱墩桥梁的可持续发展，总结了国内外典型桥梁倾覆事故，并从桥梁倾覆破坏机理、倾覆稳定性影响因素和抗倾覆控制方法3个方面系统梳理了公路独柱墩桥梁在抗倾覆领域的研究现状，强调了超载对桥梁结构安全威胁的严重性、倾覆问题复杂性及紧迫性。研究结果表明：桥梁倾覆事故多由超载车辆偏载行驶诱发，这些独柱墩桥梁存在“强弯弱倾”现象；汽车荷载对桥梁的弯矩、剪力和扭矩效应影响不同，亟须建立一套适用于桥梁抗倾覆分析的重型汽车荷载计算标准；不同桥梁发生倾覆破坏的模式及相应的荷载最不利状态各不相同，明确桥梁不同破坏模式下的倾覆轴力学模型对倾覆最不利状态演化至关重要，尚需在倾覆轴力学模型和倾覆最不利状态领域开展更为深入的研究工作；温度、预应力、收缩徐变和基础变位因素耦合作用下的桥梁倾覆机理仍不清晰；采用反力最不利状态描述桥梁的倾覆极限状态，割裂了倾覆效应与扭矩特性的力学联系；建议以可靠度理论为基础，结合倾覆破坏模式及合理倾覆轴力学模型来完善抗倾覆控制计算方法，进一步降低公路独柱墩桥梁安全运营风险；在保持一定抗倾覆安全冗余度和注重桥梁监控与维护的前提下，加强治超限载管理是防止该类事故发生的根本途径。Abstract: To promote the sustainable development of highway bridges with single-column piers, the typical bridge overturning accidents at home and abroad were summarized. The research progress of highway bridges with single-column piers in the field of anti-overturning was systematically stated from three aspects: bridge overturning failure mechanism, influencing factors of overturning stability, and control methods for anti-overturning. The serious threat of overload to bridge structrue safety and the complexity and urgency of the overturning problem were emphasized. Research results show that bridge overturning accidents are mostly induced by eccentric overloaded vehicles, and the phenomenon of strong bending and weak overturning exists in these bridges with single-column piers. It is urgent to establish a calculation standard for heavy vehicle loads suitable for the bridge anti-overturning analysis due to different effects of vehicle loads on the bending moment, shear force, and torque moment of bridges. The overturning failure modes and the corresponding most unfavorable load states vary in terms of different bridges, and it is important to clarify the overturning axis mechanics models for the evolution of the most unfavorable overturning states of different failure modes, and the research should be intensified on the overturning axis mechanics models and the most unfavorable overturning states. The mechanism of bridge overturning under the coupling effect of temperature, prestress, shrinkage-creep, and bearing settlement is still unclear. Using the most unfavorable state of reaction force to describe the overturning limit state of the bridge ignores the mechanical connection between the overturning effect and the torque moment characteristics. It is suggested that the overturning failure modes and reasonable overturning axis mechanical models should be combined based on the reliability theory to improve the anti-overturning control calculation method, so as to reduce the safe operation risk of highway bridges with single-column piers. Under a certain extent of safety redundancy of anti-overturning and monitoring and maintaining of bridges, strengthening the management of overloads is the fundamental way to prevent such accidents. 2 tabs, 12 figs, 104 refs.
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Key words:
- bridge engineering /
- single-column pier /
- overturning /
- research review /
- collapse mechanism /
- overturning axis /
- calculation method
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图 8 荷载最不利位置倾覆破坏临界状态演化
Figure 8. Critical state evolution of load most unfavorable position of overturning failure
图 10 独柱墩连续梁桥倾覆轴
Figure 10. Overturning axises of continuous girder bridges with single-column piers
表 1 典型桥梁倾覆事故
Table 1. Typical bridge overturning accidents
时间 地点 桥梁名称 诱发荷载 桥梁类型 桥梁破坏特征 人员伤亡及损失 2007-10-23 内蒙古自治区包头市 民族东路高架桥 3辆重型货车和1辆轿车 35 m简支钢箱梁 箱梁倾覆，结构整体完好 4人轻伤，桥下铁路专用线路中断 2009-07-15 天津市 津晋高速港塘互通匝道 3辆超载车辆密集且偏载停置 17.5 m+22.0 m+22.0 m+17.5 m钢筋混凝土连续梁 整体倒塌 5辆货车坠落，6人死亡，7人受伤 2010-09-28 河北省秦皇岛市 东港路南山立交高架桥 7辆累计质量为设计荷载3.8倍的车辆 30 m+2×35 m+30 m连续箱梁 侧翻 2010-11-26 江苏省南京市 城市快速内环西线南延工程 防撞墙砼浇筑 50 m简支钢箱梁 钢箱梁侧翻坠落 7名施工人员死亡 2011-02-21 浙江省绍兴市上虞区 春晖立交引桥 4辆超载货车 6×20 m钢筋混凝土结构连续梁桥 桥墩破坏、箱梁出现Ⅴ型裂缝 4辆货车侧翻，3人受伤 2012-08-24 黑龙江省哈尔滨市 阳明滩大桥 4辆超载货车 36 m+50 m+36 m钢-混凝土组合连续梁 主梁翻落，整体完好；盖梁局部破损 4辆货车翻落，3人死亡，5人受伤 2015-06-19 广东省河源市 粤赣高速匝道桥 4辆超载货车 3×25 m预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥 箱梁开裂，桥墩破坏 4辆重型货车坠落，1人死亡，4人受伤 2017-04-14 浙江省杭州市 萧山工人路高架桥 4.3级地震 3×25 m混凝土连续梁桥 倒塌 1人受伤 2019-10-10 江苏省无锡市 312国道锡港路上跨桥 2辆重型平板半挂车严重超载、间距较近 22 m+35 m+25 m变截面混凝土连续箱梁桥 梁体侧向滑移，倾覆后触地 3人死亡，2人受伤 2021-12-18 湖北省鄂州市 花湖互通D匝道桥 3辆牵引车和2辆挂车组成的大件运输车组，总质量为513 t 37.5 m+50.0 m+37.5 m连续钢箱梁 桥梁侧翻触地，箱梁完整；21、22号双柱墩墩底局部砼崩裂，24、25号独柱墩底部局部开裂 4人死亡，8人受伤，交通中断 2010-07-03 印度Shimla Basantpur-Kingal国防公路 4辆满载货物的卡车偏载停置 桥梁侧翻 2人死亡 2013-03-03 印度Calcutta Ultadanga天桥 1辆满装载大理石板的卡车 倒塌 
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表 2 抗倾覆加固设计方法对比
Table 2. Comparison of design methods for anti-overturning reinforcement
加固方法 主要施工内容 施工难度 适用条件 优点 缺点 端横梁或桥墩增加抗拉拔构造 植锚栓，粘贴钢板 ★★ 荷载作用下支座拉力较小时采用 装置构造简单，经济，施工方便，不影响桥上交通 临时性构造，极端偏载作用下抗拔销受力大，需定期维修养护 增设混凝土(钢)盖梁 植筋，浇筑盖梁(安装钢盖梁)，安装支座 ★★★ 箱梁宽度较小，桥下净空较大时使用 永久性加固方法，中墩单支承改为多支承，显著改善独柱墩受力状态，耐久性好 永久性构造，改变了箱梁横梁的受力模式，橫梁横桥向由单点双悬臂受力体系变为多点支撑受力体系，需结合验算确定盖梁支座的支撑间距 增设桩柱 打桩，浇筑墩身系梁，增设支座 ★★★★ 桥宽较大，净空不受限制时适用 改变了箱梁横梁的受力模式，橫梁横桥向由单点双悬臂受力体系变为多点支撑受力体系，需结合验算确定盖梁支座的支撑间距，且影响景观效果；施工周期长，成本高 改造桥墩 植筋，浇筑墩身，增设支座 ★★★ 桥宽较小，净空不受限制时使用 墩顶增加扩大支撑 植筋，焊接四周支撑 ★ 桥宽较小，倾覆效应较小时使用 施工方面，不影响桥上桥下交通，经济 临时性构造，对抗倾覆承载力提高有限 增大端横梁或联端支座外移 植筋，浇筑端横梁，增设或移动支座 ★★★★★ 净空受限，倾覆效应较大时使用 永久性加固方法，联端支座间距增大，抗倾覆承载力提高效果显著 需中断桥上交通，改变端横梁原有的支撑形式或支撑间距，需进行横梁验算；当采用三支座支撑时，受力不均匀 设置拉压支座 箱梁顶升，更换支座 ★★★★ 荷载作用下支座拉力较小时采用 施工简单，无须设置其他构造 成本较高，承载力提高有限 墩梁固结 植筋，浇筑混凝土 ★★★★ 桥墩较高或墩梁固结对结构体系受力影响较小 提高箱梁整体稳定性 改变箱梁和桥墩原有受力模式，需结合验算确定
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