Electric vehicle fires in ro-ro ships and influence of ventilation based on numerical simulation
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摘要:
为探究不同通风方案对滚装空间内锂电池汽车火灾的影响规律，基于全尺寸火灾试验温度数据与气体产物，设计了锂电池汽车等效材质，推导了等效材质燃烧方程式，构建并验证了锂电池汽车火灾等效模型；研究截取汽车运输船单层甲板部分区域，以通风口位置、通风口高度与通风口数量为变量，开展多车火灾模拟，重点分析了不同通风方案下火灾热释放速率和温度的变化规律，并探讨了通风对舱内热量分布的影响方式。分析结果表明：火灾按照热释放速率可以划分为火灾初期、火灾快速发展时期与火灾剧烈燃烧时期3个阶段，在火灾初期，火灾扩大的主要方式是引燃周围可燃物，起火面积的扩大是热释放速率升高的主要因素；在火灾快速发展时期，绝大多数车辆已被引燃，起火车辆燃烧程度的加深是热释放速率升高的主要因素；对比不同通风方式下的火灾发展趋势可以发现，通风对于火灾发展具有双重作用，船舶通风可以限制燃烧蔓延速率，但同时为火灾提供氧气，导致燃烧更为剧烈；在火灾初期，通风限制了热量的扩散，延长了周围可燃物的起火时间，抑制火势扩大，而在火灾快速发展阶段，通风为燃烧提供了更加充足的氧气，促进火势发展；多种通风方案中，下部通风和正对火场的通风方式风险最大。该研究可为汽车运输船的通风设计与火灾防治提供理论支持。
Abstract:To explore the influence laws of different ventilation schemes on lithium-ion battery vehicle fires in ro-ro spaces, based on the temperature data and gas products from full-scale fire experiments, the equivalent material of lithium-ion battery vehicles was designed, the combustion equation of the equivalent material was derived, and an equivalent model of lithium-ion battery vehicle fires was constructed and verified. A partial area of the single deck on a car carrier ship was intercepted. With the position, height, and number of ventilation openings as variables, multi-vehicle fire simulations were conducted. The variation laws of fire heat release rate and temperature under different ventilation schemes were mainly analyzed, and the influence mode of ventilation on the heat distribution in the cabin was discussed. The analysis results indicate that the fire can be divided into three stages according to the heat release rate: the initial stage, the rapid development stage, and the intense combustion stage. In the initial stage of the fire, the main way for the fire to expand is to ignite surrounding combustibles, and the expansion of the fire area is the main factor leading to the increase in the heat release rate. In the rapid development stage of the fire, most vehicles have been ignited, and the deepening of the combustion degree of the ignited vehicles is the main factor causing the rise in the heat release rate. By comparing the fire development trends under different ventilation methods, it is found that ventilation has a dual effect on fire development: Ship ventilation can restrict the rate of combustion spread, but at the same time, it provides oxygen to the fire, resulting in more intense combustion. In the initial stage of the fire, ventilation restricts the diffusion of heat, prolongs the ignition time of surrounding combustibles, and inhibits the expansion of the fire. However, in the rapid development stage of the fire, ventilation provides more sufficient oxygen for combustion, thus promoting the development of the fire. Among various ventilation schemes, the lower ventilation and the ventilation directly facing the fire site carry the greatest risks. This paper can provide theoretical support for the ventilation design and fire prevention and control of car carrier ships.
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图 7 不同场景下340 s顶板温度分布
Figure 7. Temperature distribution of the top plate at 340 s under different scenarios
图 8 不同场景下550 s顶板温度分布
Figure 8. Temperature distribution of the top plate at 550 s under different scenarios
图 11 不同场景下x=12 m处温度截面
Figure 11. Temperature profiles at x=12 m under different scenarios
图 12 不同场景下y=15 m处温度截面
Figure 12. Temperature profiles at y=15 m under different scenarios
表 1 边界条件设置
Table 1. Boundary conditions settings
场景 进风口数量/个 进风口高度/m S1 4 0.3 S2 4 1.0 S3 4 1.7 S4 2 0.3 S5 2 1.0 S6 2 1.7 S7 0 
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表 2 等效材质参数设置
Table 2. Equivalent material parameter settings
参数 取值 参数 取值 燃烧热/(MJ·kg-1) 30 单位面积峰值热释放速率/(kW·m-2) 245.5 燃点/℃ 220 密度/(kg·m-3) 1 200 导热率/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.2 比热/[kJ·(kg·K)-1] 1.3 a 82.778 6 b 0.23 c 0.105 d 0.125 α 71.562 5 β 25 γ 0.85 δ 0.105 ε 0.125 ζ 4.6 η 52.328 6 θ 92.275
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表 3 火灾热释放速率与总放热量对比
Table 3. Comparison of fire heat release rates and total heat releases
参数 热释放速率峰值出现时间/s 热释放速率峰值/MW 总放热量/GJ 试验 690 7.25 9.03 等效模型 706 7.17 8.97
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表 4 不同情景下温度大于350 ℃的面积
Table 4. Area size with temperature exceeding 350 ℃ under different scenarios
m2 时间/s S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 340 10.31 3.84 9.44 14.88 5.42 7.99 13.95 550 357.72 211.43 279.21 172.33 175.14 241.01 109.47
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