Interaction between aircraft tire and grooved pavement under snow slurry pollution
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摘要: 为提高飞机在冰雪污染道面的运行安全，基于光滑粒子流算法（SPH）构建了机轮-雪浆污染刻槽道面有限元模型；利用NASA全比例雪浆滑行试验数据及ESDU理论公式验证了模型的可靠性，模拟了空客A320机型在不同滑行速度、雪浆厚度及轮胎磨损程度下的运行状态，对比分析了矩形、梯形、V形3种道面刻槽对轮胎受力及溅雪特性的影响。分析结果表明：梯形刻槽对道面污染物的疏导能力最优，其对轮胎提供的道面支撑力较矩形和V形刻槽最高分别提升8.36%和10.92%，位移阻力最大分别降低12.30%和19.00%；道面刻槽深度显著影响飞机临界危险速度，随着刻槽深度从6 mm减小至0，临界危险速度由73 m·s-1降低至69 m·s-1；轮胎溅雪量由大到小呈现V形刻槽、矩形刻槽、梯形刻槽的显著差异，梯形刻槽对轮胎溅雪的抑制作用更优，其在发动机进气道危险区域的溅雪量较V形刻槽减少约23%；轮胎沟槽深度显著影响抗滑性能，当沟槽深度磨损至3 mm（磨损率70%）时，滚动摩擦力较新轮胎下降30%以上，且溅雪量增加33.19%，需及时更换轮胎。研究成果可为机场道面抗滑设计及轮胎维护提供理论依据。Abstract: To enhance aircraft operational safety on grooved pavements with snow pollution, a finite element model for aircraft tire-grooved pavement with snow slurry pollution was established based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The reliability of the model was validated using NASA full-scale snow slurry taxiing test data and ESDU theoretical formulas. The operation status of the Airbus A320 aircraft at different taxiing speeds, snow slurry thicknesses, and tire wear degrees was simulated. The influences of rectangular, trapezoidal, and V-shaped pavement grooves on tire forces and snow splashing characteristics were compared and analyzed. According to the analysis results, trapezoidal grooves have the best drainage capacity for pavement pollutants. Compared with rectangular and V-shaped grooves, the pavement support force provided by trapezoidal grooves increases by up to 8.36% and 10.92%, respectively, with the displacement resistance lower by up to 12.30% and 19.00%. The depth of pavement grooves significantly affects the critical dangerous speed of the aircraft. As the groove depth reduces from 6 mm to 0 mm, the critical dangerous speed decreases from 73 to 69 m·s-1. The snow splash quantity by tires exhibits significant differences from large to small, with V-shaped grooves, rectangular grooves, and trapezoidal grooves showing distinct patterns, and trapezoidal grooves have a better suppression effect on tire snow splashing. The snow splash quantity in the dangerous area of the engine intake port drops by about 23% compared with V-shaped grooves. Tire groove depth significantly affects skid-resistant performance. When the groove depth wears to 3 mm (wear rate of 70%), the rolling friction force decreases by more than 30% compared with new tires. The snow splash quantity increases by 33.19%, necessitating the timely replacement of the tire. These findings provide a theoretical basis for airport pavement skid-resistant design and tire maintenance.
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图 1 机轮与雪浆污染道面接触过程
Figure 1. Contact process between aircraft tire and snow slurry polluted pavement
图 8 轮胎-雪浆污染刻槽道面有限元模型
Figure 8. Finite element model of tire-grooved pavement with snow slurry pollution
图 9 雪浆横向位移分布特征
Figure 9. Lateral displacement distribution characteristics of snow slurry
图 11 不同速度下轮胎在光滑、刻槽道面上的受力
Figure 11. Force on tire at different speeds on smooth and grooved pavements
图 12 不同边界雪浆横向位移特征对比
Figure 12. Comparison of lateral displacement characteristics of snow slurry with different boundaries
图 13 各道面刻槽深度下支撑力与速度关系曲线
Figure 13. Relationship curves between support force and speed under different pavement groove depths
图 14 各道面刻槽深度下位移阻力与速度关系曲线
Figure 14. Relationship curves between displacement resistance and speed under different pavement groove depths
图 15 各轮胎沟槽深度下轮胎所受滚动摩擦力
Figure 15. Rolling frictions of tire under various tire groove depths
图 16 各轮胎沟槽深度下支撑力与速度关系曲线
Figure 16. Relationship curves between support force and speed under various tire groove depths
图 17 各轮胎沟槽深度下位移阻力与速度关系曲线
Figure 17. Relationship curves between displacement resistance and speed under various tire groove depths
图 20 不同速度下轮胎溅雪量随雪浆厚度变化曲线
Figure 20. Variation curves of snow splash quantity of tire with thickness of snow slurry under different speeds
图 21 不同道面刻槽类型下溅雪量随雪浆厚度变化曲线
Figure 21. Variation curves of snow splash quantity with thickness of snow slurry under different groove types
图 22 不同矩形刻槽深度下溅雪量随雪浆厚度变化曲线
Figure 22. Variation curves of snow splash quantity with thickness of snow slurry at different rectangular groove depths
图 24 轮胎溅雪量随速度变化情况曲线
Figure 24. Variation curves of snow splash quantity of tire with speed
表 1 A320轮胎主要参数
Table 1. Main parameters of A320 tire
参数 数值 轮胎结构参数 直径/cm 116.8 内径/cm 50.8 胎面宽度/cm 43.2 沟槽个数 4 沟槽宽度/mm 10 沟槽深度/mm 9 中心沟槽间距/mm 84 两侧沟槽间距/mm 62 橡胶材料参数 橡胶正定常数 9.9×106 橡胶正定常数 8.8×106 橡胶不可压缩常数 1.0×10-7 轮毂钢材料参数 密度/（kg·m-3） 7 800 弹性模量/MPa 2.0×104 泊松比 0.3 
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表 2 刻槽道面参数
Table 2. Parameters of grooved pavements mm
刻槽类型 槽宽 槽深 相邻槽中心间距 矩形 6 6 32 梯形 上宽6、下宽4 6 V形 上宽6 6
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表 3 雪浆模型内部区域材料参数
Table 3. Material parameters in the inner area of snow slurry model
参数 取值 密度/（kg·m-3） 720 声波在流体中的传播速度/（m·s-1） 1 400 雪浆黏度/（Pa·s） 0.212 5~0.247 0 粒子运动线性拟合斜率常数 0 格鲁奈森参数 0
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表 4 各速度下矩形刻槽道面与光滑道面轮胎接地面积对比
Table 4. Comparison of tire contact areas between rectangular grooved pavement and smooth pavement at different speeds
轮胎速度/（m·s-1） 道面刻槽类型 轮胎接地面积/m2 较刻槽道面降低率/% 40 矩形刻槽 0.096 6 光滑道面 0.073 6 23.8 50 矩形刻槽 0.088 4 光滑道面 0.061 6 30.3 60 矩形刻槽 0.077 5 光滑道面 0.050 2 35.2
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表 5 飞机临界危险速度对比情况
Table 5. Comparison of critical dangerous speed of aircraft
雪浆厚度/mm 临界危险速度/（m·s-1） 模拟值 NASA试验结果 ESDU理论值 12 73 69.5 70.1 16 69 66.9 20 67 64.3 24 65 61.7
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表 6 雪浆污染刻槽跑道表面摩擦因数仿真结果与实测结果对比
Table 6. Comparison between simulation results and measured results of friction coefficient of grooved pavement with snow slurry pollution
条件 温度/℃ -1 -3 -5 雪浆黏度/（Pa·s） 0.212 5 0.228 0 0.244 7 不同雪浆厚度（mm）下的摩擦因数结果 3 仿真结果 0.633 0.650 0.668 实测结果 0.628 0.636 0.652 误差/% 0.80 2.20 2.45 6 仿真结果 0.621 0.639 0.657 实测结果 0.612 0.629 0.648 误差/% 1.47 1.59 1.39 12 仿真结果 0.614 0.620 0.632 实测结果 0.605 0.613 0.635 误差/% 1.49 1.14 0.47 18 仿真结果 0.534 0.557 0.581 实测结果 0.539 0.570 0.573 误差/% 0.93 2.28 1.40
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表 7 各刻槽类型下轮胎所受道面支撑力、位移阻力代表值及变化率
Table 7. Representative values and rate of change for pavement support force and displacement resistance of tire under different groove types
雪浆厚度/mm 梯形刻槽 矩形刻槽 V形刻槽 道面支撑力代表值/kN 位移阻力代表值/kN 道面支撑力 位移阻力 道面支撑力 位移阻力 代表值/kN 降低率/% 代表值/kN 增长率/% 代表值/kN 降低率/% 代表值/kN 增长率/% 12 64.13 1.05 61.55 4.02 1.14 8.57 61.29 4.43 1.25 19.05 16 56.87 3.09 55.73 2.00 3.47 12.30 53.24 6.38 3.90 26.21 20 49.65 3.41 47.95 3.42 3.70 8.50 47.65 4.03 4.19 22.87 24 46.42 4.11 42.54 8.36 4.25 3.41 41.35 10.92 4.94 20.19
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表 8 不同道面刻槽深度对应轮胎临界危险速度
Table 8. Critical dangerous speed of tire corresponds to grooved depth of different pavements
道面刻槽深度/mm 轮胎临界危险速度/（m·s-1） 6 73 4 72 2 70 0 69
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表 9 不同沟槽深度下轮胎所受滚动摩擦力及下降率
Table 9. Rolling friction force and drop rate of tires under different groove depths
速度/（m·s-1） 沟槽深度为10 mm时轮胎滚动摩擦力/kN 沟槽深度为7 mm 沟槽深度为5 mm 沟槽深度为3 mm 沟槽深度为0 mm 轮胎滚动摩擦力/kN 下降率/% 轮胎滚动摩擦力/kN 下降率/% 轮胎滚动摩擦力/kN 下降率/% 轮胎滚动摩擦力/kN 下降率/% 40 55.86 52.51 6.00 48.10 13.90 39.16 29.89 31.22 44.10 50 45.77 38.66 18.39 35.25 17.57 30.24 29.29 21.83 48.96 60 32.46 27.09 16.65 26.48 18.43 21.38 34.15 14.07 56.67
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表 10 不同轮胎沟槽深度对应临界危险速度
Table 10. Different tire groove depths correspond to critical danger speed
轮胎沟槽深度/mm 轮胎临界危险速度/（m·s-1） 0 67 3 68 5 69 7 70 10 73
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