Characteristics of aircraft runway veer-off behavior due to coupled action of crosswind and uneven water accumulation on pavement
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摘要: 建立了侧风与道面非均匀积水耦合动力学模型，分析了侧风气动力矩、积水不平衡阻力矩与前轮纠偏力矩之间的作用关系；构建了基于欧拉-拉格朗日耦合算法与机械系统动力学自动分析的联合仿真体系，实现了从局部轮组滑水作用力识别到整机滑跑偏出响应模拟的跨尺度传递；研究了积水厚度差异、侧风速度及侧风方向对飞机质心轨迹、侧向偏移量和机身偏转角的影响规律，提出了以18.7 m质心侧向偏移量作为A320飞机在45 m宽跑道上发生偏出跑道的安全判据。研究结果表明：在240 km·h-1速度接地时，10 mm的积水厚度差可造成16 kN的摩阻力差异；6 mm积水厚度差可造成11.6 m最终侧向偏移；道面湿滑放大了侧风的偏出效应，相同侧风条件下湿滑跑道飞机最大偏转角约为干跑道的2.8倍；在侧风与非均匀积水共同作用下，飞机侧向偏移显著增加，并可能在滑跑过程中突破跑道安全限值；非均匀积水通过左右主起落架纵向阻力差诱发偏转力矩，是飞机偏出跑道的重要内在驱动力；侧风主要通过气动侧向力和偏航力矩改变飞机横向运动状态，并在湿滑道面条件下进一步放大偏出效应；当积水力矩与侧风力矩方向相同时，飞机偏转姿态显著增大，当二者作用力方向同向叠加时，飞机轨迹偏离速率明显提高。研究结果可为跑道积水监测、侧风运行限制及着陆滑跑偏出风险评估提供理论依据和数据支撑。Abstract: A coupled dynamics model for aircraft runway veer-off under the combined action of crosswind and uneven water accumulation on pavement was established. The relationship among the aerodynamic moment induced by crosswind, the unbalanced drag moment induced by water accumulation, and the correcting moment of the nose wheel was analyzed. A co-simulation system based on the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) algorithm and Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (ADAMS) was constructed. The cross-scale transfer from local wheel-set hydroplaning force identification to full-aircraft landing-roll veer-off response simulation was achieved. The effects of water-depth difference, crosswind speed, and crosswind direction on the center-of-mass trajectory, lateral offset, and yaw angle of the aircraft were investigated. A safety criterion was proposed, in which a center-of-mass lateral offset of 18.7 m was taken as the veer-off threshold for an A320 aircraft on a 45 m wide runway. The results indicate that a water-depth difference of 10 mm causes a friction resistance difference of 16 kN at a touchdown speed of 240 km·h-1. A water-depth difference of 6 mm causes a final lateral offset of 11.6 m. Wet pavement amplifies the veer-off effect of crosswind. Under the same crosswind conditions, the maximum yaw angle of the aircraft on a wet runway is about 2.8 times that on a dry runway. Under the combined action of crosswind and uneven water accumulation, the lateral offset of the aircraft increases significantly, and it may exceed the runway safety limit during the landing roll. Uneven water accumulation induces a yawing moment through the longitudinal resistance difference between the left and right main landing gears, and it is an important internal driving force for aircraft veer-off. Crosswind mainly changes the lateral motion state of the aircraft through aerodynamic side force and yawing moment, and it further amplifies the veer-off effect under wet pavement conditions. When the water-induced moment and the crosswind-induced moment have the same direction, the aircraft yaw attitude increases significantly. When the two forces act in the same direction, the trajectory deviation rate of the aircraft increases obviously. The results provide a theoretical basis and data support for runway water accumulation monitoring, crosswind operation limitation, and landing-roll veer-off risk assessment.
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Key words:
- airport engineering /
- tire hydroplaning /
- multibody dynamics /
- runway veer-off /
- crosswind /
- uneven water accumulation
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图 3 A320飞机着陆滑跑多体动力学模型
Figure 3. Multi-body dynamics model for landing roll of A320 aircraft
表 1 轮组滑水仿真模型参数
Table 1. Wheel set hydroplaning simulation model parameters
类别 指标参数 数值 类别 指标参数 数值 轮胎规格 轮胎外径/mm 1 168 轮毂参数 轮毂密度/（kg‧m-3） 7 800 轮胎内径/mm 508 弹性模量/MPa 2×104 轮胎宽度/mm 432 流体参数 流体初始密度/（kg‧m-3） 1 000 轮胎胎压/kPa 1 140 动力黏度/（mPa‧s） 1.0×103 轮胎轴载/kN 153.2 积水范围/m3 1.5×1.5×（0.3+h），h为积水深度 沟槽深度/mm 17 道面材料 密度/（kg‧m-3） 7 850 沟槽数量 4 弹性模量/MPa 3.5×104 沟槽宽度/mm 20 泊松比 0.15 
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表 2 ADAMS仿真参数
Table 2. ADAMS simulation parameters
参数 数值 参数 数值 机长/m 37.57 垂直刚度/（kN·m-1） 2 400 翼展/m 35.80 垂直阻尼/（N·s·m-1） 28 主起落架横向间距/m 7.59 纵向滑移刚度/（N·m-1） 2 000 机身底部距地面/m 1.72 机翼面积/m2 122.4 主起落架分配系数 0.95 侧风风速/（m·s-1） 0~17 单侧轮组积水厚度/mm 3~13 受风面面积/m2 31 积水厚度差/mm 0~10 侧风合力/kN 0~17.67 等效扭转刚度/（N·m·rad-1） 3.5×105 旋转阻尼系数/（N·m·s·rad-1） 800
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表 3 仿真工况
Table 3. Simulated operating conditions
工况组别 编号 左侧积水深度/mm 右侧积水深度/mm 积水厚度差异Δh/mm 侧风速度vw/（m·s-1） A组：积水影响 A1 5 3 2 0 A2 9 3 6 0 A3 13 3 10 0 B组：侧风影响 B1 0 0 0 -5 B2 3 3 0 -5 B3 0 0 0 -10 C组：耦合影响 C1 9 3 6 -5 C2 9 3 6 5 C3 13 3 10 10
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