面对面乘坐场景下座椅靠背刚度与角度对老年乘员正面碰撞损伤的影响

武和全; 米海林; 蔡进爵; 李奇奇

doi:10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2026.069

面对面乘坐场景下座椅靠背刚度与角度对老年乘员正面碰撞损伤的影响

doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2026.069

武和全^{1, 2, ,},
米海林¹,
蔡进爵¹,
李奇奇¹

1.
长沙理工大学机械与运载工程学院, 湖南长沙 410114
2.
长沙理工大学工程车辆轻量化与可靠性技术湖南省高校重点实验室, 湖南长沙 410114

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 52575266

国家自然科学基金项目 52211530054

湖南省普通高等学校科技创新团队 2024RC1029

湖南省创新研究群体项目 2025JJ10006

详细信息

作者简介:
武和全（1982-），男，湖北仙桃人，教授，工学博士，E-mail：csust_vehicle@hotmail.com

中图分类号: U467.14
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- 文章访问数: 41
- HTML全文浏览量: 22
- PDF下载量: 6
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-04-29
- 录用日期: 2025-09-26
- 修回日期: 2025-07-21
- 刊出日期: 2026-04-28

Impact of seat stiffness and angle on frontal crash injuries for elderly occupants in face-to-face seating configurations

WU He-quan^{1, 2
, ,},
MI Hai-lin¹,
CAI Jin-jue¹,
LI Qi-qi¹

1.
College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, Hunan, China
2.
Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, Hunan, China

Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 52575266

National Natural Science Foundation of China 52211530054

Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Higher Educational Institutions of Hunan Province 2024RC1029

Innovative Research Group Project of Hunan Province 2025JJ10006

More Information

Corresponding author: WU He-quan, professor, PhD, E-mail: csust_vehicle@hotmail.com

Article Text (Baidu Translation)

摘要

摘要: 为探究座椅靠背旋转刚度与角度对老年乘员在面对面场景下正面碰撞损伤的影响，构建了含THUMS老年人体有限元模型的座椅系统56 km·h^-1正面碰撞仿真模型；通过对比正面实车碰撞试验对所采用的乘员约束系统与假人模型的耦合有效性进行了验证；探究了前排座椅靠背100°标准角度与125°半躺角度结合刚性及柔性刚度特性对前后排老年乘员运动学响应及头、颈、胸、内脏、下肢等多部位损伤的影响机制。研究结果表明：在正面碰撞仿真试验中，对于前排乘员而言，2种座椅角度中柔性座椅下乘员各部位的损伤概率远高于刚性座椅，尤其在100°柔性座椅下的乘员头部损伤值均超出阈值，有严重的头部损伤风险；125°柔性座椅下乘员的各部位损伤风险低于100°柔性座椅的乘员；对于后排乘员而言，各部位损伤指标值普遍较高，胸部出现4处肋骨骨折且肺、心脏、肝脏应变超出阈值近2倍；前后排乘员的下肢发生碰撞接触但未超过阈值，4组试验中后排乘员在各部位的损伤值差异微小，表明前排乘员运动对后排乘员损伤影响有限。可见，未来座椅设计需兼顾刚性结构优化与角度调整，以平衡安全性与舒适性，同时需强化后排约束系统以分散冲击能量。
- 交通安全 /
- 车辆被动安全 /
- 正面碰撞 /
- 面对面乘坐布局 /
- 乘员损伤 /
- 座椅刚度 /
- 座椅角度
Abstract: To explore the impact of seat backrest rotational stiffness and angle on the injuries of elderly occupants in face-to-face scenarios during frontal collisions, a frontal crash simulation model at 56 km·h^-1 was constructed, incorporating a seat system with the THUMS elderly human body finite element model. By comparing the results with frontal full-vehicle crash tests, the coupling effectiveness between the occupant restraint system and the dummy model was validated. The study focused on investigating the influence of the front seat backrest at the standard 100° angle and the semi-reclined 125° angle, combined with rigid and flexible stiffness characteristics, on kinematic responses and injuries to multiple body regions, including the head, neck, chest, internal organs, and lower extremities, of both front- and rear-row elderly occupants. The results indicate that, in the frontal crash simulation tests, for front-row occupants under both seat angles, the injury probabilities for various body regions in the flexible seat condition were significantly higher than those in the rigid seat condition. In particular, under the 100° flexible seat condition, the head injury values all exceeded the thresholds, indicating a severe risk of head injury. Under the 125° flexible seat condition, the injury risks for various body regions were lower than those under the 100° flexible seat condition. For rear-row occupants, the injury index values for various body regions were generally high, with four rib fractures occurring in the chest, and the strain values of the lungs, heart, and liver exceeding the thresholds by nearly two times. Lower extremity contact occurred for both front- and rear-row occupants but did not exceed the thresholds. Across the four sets of tests, the differences in injury values for various body regions of rear-row occupants were minimal, indicating that the motion of front-row occupants had a limited impact on rear-row occupant injuries. Future seat design needs to consider both rigid structural optimization and angle adjustment to balance safety and comfort, while strengthening the rear restraint system to disperse impact energy.
- traffic safty /
- passive vehicle safety /
- frontal collision /
- face-to-face seating configuration /
- occupant injury /
- seat stiffness /
- seat angle

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图 1 仿真模型和实车碰撞试验

Figure 1. Simulation model and physical vehicle crash test

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图 2 仿真碰撞加速度-时间曲线

Figure 2. Acceleration-time curve in simulated crash

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图 3 仿真与试验中乘员假人运动姿态响应

Figure 3. Kinematic and postural response of occupant dummies in simulation and experimental testing

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图 4 头部合成加速度对比

Figure 4. Comparison of head synthetic accelerations

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图 5 胸部压缩量对比

Figure 5. Comparison of thoracic compressions

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图 6 安全带加载力/卸载力-应变曲线

Figure 6. Loading force/unloading force versus strain curve for the seat belt

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图 7 座椅铰链位置

Figure 7. Seat hinge location

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图 8 铰链旋转刚度曲线

Figure 8. Hinge rotational stiffness curve

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图 9 不同坐姿面对面乘坐示意

Figure 9. Schematic of different sitting postures in face-to-face seating configuration

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图 10 胸部压缩量取点分布

Figure 10. Distribution of thoracic compression measurement points

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图 11 正面碰撞中乘员的运动学响应

Figure 11. Kinematic response of occupants in a frontal collision

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图 12 头部质心运动轨迹

Figure 12. Mass motion trajectories of head center

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图 13 颅内压力分布

Figure 13. Distribution of intracranial pressure

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表 1 四组仿真中座椅靠背参数

Table 1. Seatback parameters in the four simulation configurations

试验A		试验B		试验C		试验D
前排座椅	后排座椅	前排座椅	后排座椅	前排座椅	后排座椅	前排座椅	后排座椅
100°刚性	标准	100°柔性	标准	125°刚性	标准	125°柔性	标准

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表 2 颈部韧带阈值

Table 2. Neck ligament thresholds

颈部韧带	ALL	PLL	CL	LF	ISL
阈值	0.35	0.34	1.48	0.88	0.60

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表 3 乘员头部损伤预测

Table 3. Prediction of occupant head injuries

试验	Fr/Rr	HIC₁₅	BrIC	最大颅内压力/kPa	最大颅内等效应力/kPa
A	Fr	80.96	0.32	-102	4.9
A	Rr	236.40	0.60	-231	5.3
B	Fr	881.30	1.39	-549	17.9
B	Rr	233.80	0.60	-220	5.0
C	Fr	72.82	0.31	120	4.7
C	Rr	280.00	0.61	-231	5.5
D	Fr	198.20	0.77	-228	9.8
D	Rr	272.90	0.61	-226	5.1

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表 4 乘员颈部韧带损伤预测

Table 4. Prediction of cervical ligament injuries for occupants

颈部韧带	阈值	100°刚性座椅		100°柔性座椅		125°刚性座椅		125°柔性座椅
颈部韧带	阈值	Fr	Rr	Fr	Rr	Fr	Rr	Fr	Rr
ALL	0.35	0.66	0.23	0.21	0.07	0.08	0.10	0.40	0.05
PLL	0.34	0.53	0.20	1.02	0.53	0.49	0.58	1.15	0.54
CL	1.48	0.88	1.08	2.15	1.07	0.88	1.14	1.81	1.08
LF	0.88	0.31	0.46	0.50	0.97	0.42	0.49	0.70	0.46
ISL	0.60	1.02	1.90	2.30	1.88	1.66	1.98	2.12	2.02

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表 5 乘员胸部损伤预测

Table 5. Prediction of chest injuries for occupants

胸部损伤		100°刚性座椅		100°柔性座椅		125°刚性座椅		125°柔性座椅
胸部损伤		Fr	Rr	Fr	Rr	Fr	Rr	Fr	Rr
胸部VC值		0.66	2.01	0.78	2.11	0.70	1.83	0.45	1.64
胸部变形量/mm	上侧	4.60	11.00	2.97	11.30	4.20	6.00	3.00	8.70
	下侧	11.20	24.50	23.50	25.60	31.50	27.00	23.20	22.40
	左上侧	-23.50	-7.10	-12.70	-9.47	-11.60	-10.40	-16.90	-9.80
	右上侧	-20.90	-32.80	-9.24	-38.60	-9.50	-38.40	-16.00	-28.50
	左下侧	-34.70	-71.40	-23.40	-70.70	-44.90	-67.40	-14.80	-57.60
	右下侧	-28.40	27.30	-35.60	25.90	-38.20	19.10	-25.40	19.70
肋骨骨折位置		无	R2，R4 R5，R6	L1，L2 L3，R1	R2，R4 R5，R6	无	R2，R4 R5，R6	R3	R2，R4 R5，R6

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表 6 乘员内脏器官损伤预测

Table 6. Prediction of internal organ injuries of occupants

内脏器官应变	阈值	100°刚性座椅		100°柔性座椅		125°刚性座椅		125°柔性座椅
内脏器官应变	阈值	Fr	Rr	Fr	Rr	Fr	Rr	Fr	Rr
肺部应变	0.35	0.27	0.60	0.34	0.55	0.23	0.65	0.26	0.60
心脏应变	0.30	0.20	0.57	0.23	0.58	0.10	0.62	0.10	0.67
肝脏应变	0.30	0.10	0.65	0.12	0.69	0.10	0.61	0.13	0.62
脾脏应变	0.30	0.06	0.35	0.06	0.36	0.05	0.30	0.06	0.31
肾脏应变	0.30	0.06	0.18	0.06	0.17	0.05	0.17	0.08	0.18

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表 7 乘员下肢损伤预测

Table 7. Prediction of lower extremity injuries of occupants N

下肢损伤	100°刚性座椅		100°柔性座椅		125°刚性座椅		125°柔性座椅
下肢损伤	Fr	Rr	Fr	Rr	Fr	Rr	Fr	Rr
左小腿压缩力	702	927	858	921	621	792	645	786
右小腿压缩力	648	833	752	1 420	555	611	586	808
左小腿接触力	1 310	0	1 180	0	2 030	0	1 690	0
右小腿接触力	0	1 310	0	1 180	0	2 030	0	1 690

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