机场沥青道面松散病害多尺度评价方法研究进展

屈鑫; 韩畅; 张焱; 汪海年

doi:10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2026.348

机场沥青道面松散病害多尺度评价方法研究进展

doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2026.348

屈鑫^1,,
韩畅²,
张焱¹,
汪海年^1, ,

1.
长安大学公路学院, 陕西西安 710064
2.
长安大学未来交通学院, 陕西西安 710064

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 U2433210

民航安全能力提升项目 ADSA0346

长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目 300102215202

详细信息

作者简介:
屈鑫（1987-），男，陕西蒲城人，副教授，工学博士，E-mail：quxin@chd.edu.cn

通讯作者:
汪海年（1977-），男，江苏涟水人，教授，博士生导师，工学博士，E-mail：wanghn@chd.edu.cn

中图分类号: U416.2
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-01-27
- 录用日期: 2026-05-27
- 修回日期: 2026-04-03
- 刊出日期: 2026-09-28

Research progress on multi-scale evaluation method for loose defects of asphalt pavement in airports

QU Xin^1
,,
HAN Chang²,
ZHANG Yan¹,
WANG Hai-nian^{1
, ,}

1.
School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China
2.
School of Future Transportation, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China

Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China U2433210

Project of Civil Aviation Safety Capability Enhancement ADSA0346

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD 300102215202

More Information

Corresponding author: WANG Hai-nian, professor, PhD, E-mail: wanghn@chd.edu.cn

Article Text (Baidu Translation)

摘要

摘要:
针对机场沥青道面在高胎压、强冲击、强扭剪及水-温-荷载耦合作用下易发生松散掉粒，且现有评价方法多源于公路领域、机场适用性不足的问题，系统梳理了沥青道面松散病害多尺度评价方法研究进展。从机场与公路服役条件差异出发，分析了松散病害的界面黏附失效、过渡区内聚失效及沥青胶浆内聚失效机制；在宏观尺度，归纳了沥青混合料的静水水稳定性、动水冲刷、扭剪及冲击荷载模拟等评价方法；在细观尺度，评述了黏附力学试验与表面自由能理论对沥青-集料界面黏结性能的表征；在微观和分子尺度，总结了原子力显微镜与分子动力学模拟在界面形貌、纳米力学、微表面能分析中的应用；在足尺尺度，评估了探地雷达、现场拉拔等现场评价手段和加速加载装置在研究道面整体松散行为的作用。分析结果表明：松散病害是材料自身与外界多重因素共同作用的多尺度耦合劣化过程；宏观试验便于工程筛选，但难以复现机场特殊工况；细观、微观与分子尺度方法有助于揭示界面失效机理，但与宏观飞散和现场病害的定量关联不足；足尺评价更接近真实服役状态，但受成本、效率和环境干扰限制；未来应开发机场道面专用多因素耦合模拟装置，并建立微观界面能-细观黏结强度-宏观飞散损失-足尺服役行为的跨尺度关联模型。
- 机场道面 /
- 沥青混合料 /
- 综述 /
- 多尺度评价方法 /
- 松散病害
Abstract:
Airport asphalt pavements were susceptible to loose particle removal under high tire pressures, severe impact, intense torsional shear, and water-temperature-loading coupling. However, the existing evaluation methods were predominantly derived from the highway sector, with insufficient applicability to airports. In response to these issues, the research progress on multi-scale evaluation methods for asphalt pavement loose defects was systematically reviewed. Based on the differences in service conditions between airports and highways, the mechanisms of interfacial adhesion failure, cohesion failure within the transition zone, and cohesion failure within the asphalt mastic associated with loose defects were analyzed. At the macroscale, evaluation methods were summarized, including static-water moisture-stability testing, dynamic-water scouring, and simulations of torsional-shear and impact loading for asphalt mixtures. At the mesoscale, the bonding performance of asphalt-aggregate interfaces characterized by adhesive mechanical tests and surface free energy theory was reviewed. At the micro- and molecular scales, the application of atomic force microscope and molecular dynamics simulations in analyses of interfacial morphology, nanomechanics, and microscale surface energy was summarized. At the full scale, the roles of field evaluation techniques, such as ground penetrating radar and in situ pull-off testing, as well as accelerated loading devices, in investigating the overall loose defect of pavements were assessed. The analysis results indicate that loose defect is a multi-scale coupled deterioration process resulting from the combined effects of intrinsic material properties and multiple external factors. Although macroscale tests facilitate engineering-level screening, it is difficult to reproduce the distinctive service conditions of airports. Meso-, micro-, and molecular-scale methods help elucidate interfacial failure mechanisms, but quantitative correlations with macroscale material loss and field defects remain insufficient. Full-scale evaluation is closer to actual service conditions but is constrained by cost, efficiency, and environmental interference. Future research should develop multifactor coupled simulation devices specifically for airport pavements and establish cross-scale correlation models linking microscopic interfacial energy, mesoscale bonding strength, macroscale material-loss severity, and full-scale in-service behavior.
- airport pavement /
- asphalt mixture /
- review /
- multi-scale evaluation method /
- loose defect

HTML全文

图 1 理想状态的混合料颗粒接触模型

Figure 1. Contact model of mixture particles in ideal state

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图 2 飞机着陆过程荷载特点

Figure 2. Load characteristics during aircraft landing process

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图 3 主动黏附性的评价方法

Figure 3. Evaluation method for active adhesion

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图 4 活塞式动水发生装置

Figure 4. Piston-type dynamic water generator

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图 5 气动式动水发生装置

Figure 5. Pneumatic dynamic water generator

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图 6 基于模拟荷载工况的抗松散性能测试原理

Figure 6. Principle of anti-loosening performance test based on simulated load conditions

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图 7 飞机荷载扭剪试验仪

Figure 7. Aircraft load torsional shear tester

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图 8 机场沥青道面扭剪试验仪

Figure 8. Torsional shear tester of airport asphalt pavement

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图 9 欧洲PAC路面抗松散性能测试装置

Figure 9. Anti-loosening performance test device for European PAC pavement

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图 10 飞机冲击荷载模拟装置

Figure 10. Aircraft impact load simulation device

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图 11 直接剥离试验

Figure 11. Direct peel test

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图 12 剪切-拉拔试验装置原理

Figure 12. Principle of shear-pull off test derices

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图 13 黏结疲劳评价方法

Figure 13. Adhesion fatigue evaluation method

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图 14 压-剪切疲劳试验设备

Figure 14. Compression-shear fatigue testing equipment

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图 15 不同扫描模式下蜂状结构显微图像

Figure 15. Microscopic images of bee shape structures under different scanning modes

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图 16 AFM-QNM工作原理

Figure 16. Principles of AFM-QNM

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图 17 沥青与集料分子模型

Figure 17. Molecular model of asphalt and aggregate

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图 18 典型的沥青-集料界面模型

Figure 18. Typical asphalt-aggregate interface model

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图 19 探地雷达检测原理

Figure 19. Detection principle of GPR

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图 20 现场拉拔试验测试黏结强度方法

Figure 20. Method for testing bonding strength by field pull-out test

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图 21 手持式激光表面纹理仪

Figure 21. Handheld laser surface texture instrument

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图 22 美国国家机场道面测试设施装置

Figure 22. Devices of NAPTF

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图 23 飞机荷载模拟加载车

Figure 23. Aircraft load simulation loading vehicle

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表 1 机场道面与公路路面的服役条件对比

Table 1. Comparison of service conditions between airport pavements and highway pavements

对比因素	机场道面	公路路面
设计交通量	中，通常小于100 000次·年^-1	重，通常大于1 000 000次·年^-1
服役对象	飞机轴载：大，单轮小于250 kN 胎压：大，通常小于1.7 MPa，特殊型号小于2.5 MPa 行驶速度：滑行时为30~60 km·h^-1；起降时为250~300 km·h^-1	车辆轴载：小，单轮小于30 kN 胎压：小，约0.7 MPa 行驶速度：不超过120 km·h^-1
受力特性	飞机起降冲击荷载大，飞机急加速减速，转弯扭剪荷载	冲击荷载小，平稳行驶，剪切荷载小
对于松散的容忍程度	高，松散掉粒零容忍^[24]	低，对松散掉粒不敏感
排水性	差，道面宽大，排水路径更长	较好，路面宽度小，排水路径短

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表 2 松散的混合料评价方法

Table 2. Evaluation method for loose mixtures

试验	类型	测试方法	评价指标
浸水剥落试验	水煮法/水浸法	将松散混合料放入恒定温度的静水中浸泡	沥青膜剥落程度
	静水浸润法
	沸煮法
冲刷剥落试验	动态水浸法	人工产生水流或者使用超声波产生气泡冲刷裹覆沥青的集料表面	沥青膜剥落程度
	旋转瓶法
	动态冲刷水煮法
化学分析试验	光电比色法	将裹覆沥青的集料放入一定浓度的有色溶剂静置浸泡，或将集料放入沥青-甲苯溶液，加水洗脱	集料表面沥青的吸附率/剥落率
	SHRP净吸附法
	示踪盐法
	溶剂洗脱法

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表 3 模拟静水浸泡的抗松散评价法

Table 3. Evaluation method for anti-loosening under simulated static water immersion

试验名称	试验方法	评价指标	荷载施加方式
浸水马歇尔试验	比较水分作用前后试件的马歇尔稳定度	浸水残留稳定度	拉伸作用，静态加载
浸水劈裂试验	比较水分作用前后试件拉伸强度	ITS	拉伸作用，静态加载
冻融劈裂试验	测试冻融前后的拉伸强度	TSR（劈裂强度比）	拉伸作用，静态加载
Lottman试验	比较水分作用前后试件拉伸强度和模量	TSR	拉伸作用，静态加载
朱丽叶试验	设置饱水、干燥2组对照试验试件，测试无侧限抗压强度	抗压强度比	压缩作用，静态加载
环境调节系统	测量试件透水性与湿、热和荷载作用下弹性模量	弹性模量	压缩作用，动态加载
浸水轮辙试验HWTT、APA	记录车辙深度和循环次数的曲线图，绘制剥落拐点	轮辙深度或剥落拐点的作用次数	剪切、揉搓，动态加载

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表 4 活塞式动水冲刷的评价方法

Table 4. Evaluation methods of piston-type dynamic water scouring

研究者	试验参数	评价指标
车天凯^[53]	频率：21 Hz 水压：-12~800 kPa 水温：40 ℃ 冲刷循环：1~6 h	抗压强度
潘宝峰^[54]	频率：1~2 Hz 水压：0~250 kPa 水温：室温冲刷循环：1~5 h	抗压强度、有效空隙率
谭忆秋等^[55]	频率：10 Hz 水压：0~400 kPa 水温：45 ℃ 冲刷循环：15 min	劈裂应变能
蒋锦毅^[56]	频率：0.3 Hz 水压：-10~100 kPa 水温：50 ℃ 冲刷循环：2 h	劈裂强度

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表 5 气动式动水冲刷的评价方法

Table 5. Evaluation methods of pneumatic dynamic water scouring

研究者	试验参数	评价指标
Lacroix等^[59]	频率：0.25 Hz 水压：0~500 kPa 水温：40 ℃~60 ℃ 冲刷循环：5 000次	表观相对密度、饱和度、劈裂强度
周志刚等^[60]	频率：0.14 Hz 水压：0~700 kPa 水温：20 ℃ 冲刷循环：24 h	质量损失率、渗透系数、劈裂强度、抗压强度
Tarefder等^[61]	频率：0.25 Hz 压力：0~413 kPa 水温：60 ℃ 冲刷循环：3 500次	表观相对密度、饱和度、劈裂强度
李安等^[62]	频率：0.125 Hz 水压：-100~700 kPa 水温：60 ℃ 冲刷循环：3 h	空隙率、劈裂强度
王英等^[63]	频率：0.1 Hz 正压：200~300 kPa 负压：20~80 kPa 水温：20 ℃ 冲刷循环：2 h	空隙率、孔隙结构特征

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表 6 欧洲PAC路面抗松散性能评价方法

Table 6. Evaluation method for anti-loosening performance of European PAC pavement

试验装置	试验参数	评价指标
ARTe仪	加载方向：全向移动循环次数：每2 h 600次温度：23.3 ℃	试样质量损失率，粗集料表面纹理深度
DSD仪	加载方向：前后移动循环次数：10次温度：40.0 ℃	试件质量损失率
RSAT仪	加载方向：全向移动循环次数：每24 h 86 000次温度：5 ℃	试件粗集料质量损失率
TRD仪	加载方式：前后移动循环次数：6 000次温度：22 ℃	试件质量损失率

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表 7 PAC路面磨耗装置对机场道面松散适用性

Table 7. Applicability of PAC pavement abortion device to airport pavement loosening

对比维度	PAC磨耗装置	飞机扭剪装置	局限性
测试对象	开级配抗滑磨耗层（OGFC）混合料	SMA混合料	OGFC表面更粗糙，力学性能不足，更易出现松散
装置原理	驱动装置，模拟车辆转向、加速、制动	驱动装置，模拟机轮的旋拧、揉搓	不能模拟飞机制动的滑移
加载方式	大压应力、小剪应力	大压应力、大剪应力	忽视了扭剪力破坏，使评价结果偏于不安全
参数设置	模拟车辆胎压小于0.7 MPa 温度小于40 ℃	模拟机轮胎压为1.3 MPa 模拟温度为100 ℃	参数设置保守，无法模拟轮胎摩擦热效应
评价指标	质量损失、表面纹理	质量损失、表面纹理	相同评价指标，但评价标准更宽容

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表 8 沥青胶浆黏结力评价方法

Table 8. Evaluation methods for asphalt mastic bonding strength

试验名称	测试方法	评价指标	应力状态
BBS黏结强度试验	对沥青层施加垂直拉力，测量拉头从集料表面剥落时内聚破坏或黏附破坏的压力，转换为拉脱强度	拉拔强度	法向，静态应力
剥离试验	使用剥离臂从集料或基材表面剥离沥青，获取拉力与拉伸速率关系曲线（即剥离曲线）	剥离强度、断裂能	法向，静态应力
剪切黏附试验	制备集料或玻璃基材夹沥青层的“三明治”试件进行两端拉伸施加剪切力，获取破坏时界面上的剪切力或剪切强度	剪切强度	切向，静态应力
沥青黏性试验	对沥青层施加垂直拉力，仪器自动测量施加力的大小和薄膜分离的时间，并将其与沥青的黏性或黏性系数相关联，评估沥青的内聚破坏	沥青黏性系数	法向，静态应力
DMA拉伸试验	采用动态力学分析仪对“三明治”试件施加拉力，记录试验过程中的位移、力、强度以及相应的时间	试件破坏时间、荷载循环次数	法向，循环应力
DSR	采用动态剪切流变仪对试件施加循环荷载，记录试件破坏时的荷载循环次数	试件破坏时的对应荷载循环次数	切向，循环应力

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表 9 基于表面自由能理论的黏附性能评价方法

Table 9. Evaluation method of adhesion performance based on surface free energy theory

基本原理	方法	参数	测量对象	操作步骤
接触角	悬滴法	接触角	沥青、集料	对集料，通过分析表面液滴的接触角，结合Young方程计算固体表面自由能；对沥青，可将其加热成液态后滴于集料表面，直接测量接触角
	Wilhelmy吊片法		沥青、集料	通过测量探针熔融沥青在集料切片表面的润湿力，计算动态前进/后退接触角，进而推导表面能
	毛细管上升法		集料	基于Washburn方程，测量探针液体在压实集料柱中的毛细上升速率，计算集料粉末的表观接触角及表面能
吸附特性	USD	扩散压力	集料	将悬浮颗粒在内的容器抽真空，然后将溶质注入系统中。使用高度灵敏天平测量溶质在颗粒表面吸附的量
吸附特性	反气相色谱	保留时间净保留体积	沥青、集料	将少量集料粉末作为色谱固定相填入色谱柱。使用已知探针气体依次通入色谱柱中记录每种探针气体在柱中的保留特性
浸没特性	微热量计法	浸入焓	沥青	通过测定矿料进入不同的标准液之后的浸入焓，以此确定矿料的表面能参数
表面张力	吊环法	表面张力	沥青	利用金属环脱离液面所需最大拉力计算液体表面张力

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表 10 荷载模拟加载设备特性

Table 10. Characteristics of load simulation equipment

类别	代表设备	加载能力	试验段尺寸	优点	缺点
固定式	WES环形加速加载设备	最大质量为22 t，最大速度为48 km·h^-1	试验段宽度为6.7 m	加载效率高	环形试验段受力特性与实际道面相差大，无法加载已有道面^[145-146]
	ALDF	最大质量为30 t，最大速度为402 km·h^-1	试验段长度为853 m	能同时模拟重载与飞机接地速度	建设和运行成本高，试验难度大，无法加载已有道面
	国家机场道面测试设施（NAPTF）	最大质量为485 t	试验段长度为274 m，宽度为18.3 m	尺度大，可按照实际飞机构型完整模拟飞机主起落架荷载	建设和运行成本高，无法加载已有道面
移动式	HVS-A	最大质量为44 t，最大速度为20 km·h^-1	加载段长度为12 m，宽度为1.8 m	节约人力，成本低	建设、运行成本高，宽度限制最多2个机轮，加载长度受限
	B-52、C-17、F-15加载车	按照实际飞机主起落架荷载配置	无限制	仿真效果好，成本低，操作灵活简单	加载效率一般，运行时需要人工操作牵引车
	SDD装置^[147]	静态荷载为13~80 kN 频率为10~100 Hz 动态荷载为9~310 kN	无限制	能够模拟飞机冲击荷载，可短时间内施加大量荷载	不能完整模拟飞机接地过程

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表 11 机场沥青道面松散病害评价方法多场景适配性分析

Table 11. Multi-scenario adaptability analysis of evaluation method for loose defect in airport asphalt pavements

评价方法	尺度	在役机场道面	新建机场道面	寒区机场道面	湿热地区道面	局限
肯塔堡飞散试验	宏观	较低（需取芯）	高（材料筛选）	中（可改进为冻融飞散）	中（需结合浸水）	条件固定，难模拟机场高胎压与强扭剪
水稳定性试验（浸水马歇尔/劈裂）	宏观	较低（需取芯）	高（设计主流）	高（冻融劈裂试验）	高（浸水轮辙试验）	多为静态加载，缺少水平剪切力模拟
动水冲刷试验	宏观	低	高（重载多雨）	中（季冻区动水）	高（高温动水60 ℃）	装置不统一，数据可比性差，无公认标准
扭剪荷载模拟	宏观	低	高（机场专用）	中	中	能模拟飞机转弯扭剪，部分设备昂贵未推广
冲击荷载模拟	宏观	低	高（起降区设计）	低	低	仅模拟垂向冲击，缺水平剪切复合应力
黏附力学测试	细观	低	高（机理量化）	中（温度/水影响）	中（温度/水影响）	试件理想化，难反映真实裹覆状态
表面能热力学法	细观	低	高（材料优选）	高（水敏感预测）	高（水敏感预测）	测试复杂，宏观性能定量关联仍是挑战
原子力显微镜	微观	低	中（机理研究）	中（老化/水影响）	中（老化/水影响）	微观结果与宏观性能关联仍需研究；尚有机理认知不清
分子动力学模拟	分子		中（演化模拟）	中（多因素耦合）	中（多因素耦合）	不能模拟长期老化过程；模拟结果真实性有局限
探地雷达	足尺	高（无损快速识别）	低（施工质检）	中	中	装置复杂，适用场景受限
现场拉拔试验	足尺	高（便携直接测试）	低	中	中	点测量，结果存在变异性；受材料类型影响大
激光表面纹理仪	足尺	高（老化/剥落评估）	低	中	中	受材料类型影响大；只适用已出现病害或高度老化道面
足尺加速加载（固定/移动式HVS）	足尺	中（移动式可测）	高（验证/预测）	中（环境耦合）	中（环境耦合）	固定式成本高，移动式仿真好但效率一般

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