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GUO Jian-bao, CAO Li-bo, KANG Wei, LIANG Zheng, ZHANG Jia-fei. Review of occupant injury mechanism and integrated protection in frontal collision under AEB conditions[J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2026, 26(7): 145-164. doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2026.084
Citation: GUO Jian-bao, CAO Li-bo, KANG Wei, LIANG Zheng, ZHANG Jia-fei. Review of occupant injury mechanism and integrated protection in frontal collision under AEB conditions[J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2026, 26(7): 145-164. doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2026.084
shu

Review of occupant injury mechanism and integrated protection in frontal collision under AEB conditions

doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2026.084
  • 1.

    State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle, Hunan University Changsha 410082, Hunan, China

  • 2.

    Great Wall Motors Technology Center, Hebei Auto Engineering Technology Research Center, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China

More Information
  • Corresponding author: CAO Li-bo, professor, PhD, E-mail: hdclb@163.com
  • Received Date: 2025-09-15
  • Accepted Date: 2025-11-27
  • Rev Recd Date: 2025-10-24
  • Publish Date: 2026-07-28
    Abstract
  • To further investigate the research progress and future trends of integrated active-passive occupant protection under AEB intervention, an in-depth analysis of the injury characteristics and underlying mechanisms experienced by occupants during AEB events was provided. Based on human biomechanical tests, the applicability and limitations of crash test dummies and human body models in integrated active-passive safety scenarios were evaluated. The protective effects of AEB braking parameters and active pretensioning seatbelts on mitigating occupant out-of-position conditions were also examined. The results show that AEB intervention alters the initial conditions of traditional crashes and triggers instinctive muscular tension responses, thus changing occupants' biomechanical characteristics. The risk of head and chest injuries increases due to forward inertial motion. Although AEB has a relatively small effect on lower-limb displacement, occupants' active muscular responses prior to impact may lead to lower-limb injury patterns that differ from those observed in conventional crashes, and the corresponding injury mechanisms require further study. Significant discrepancies exist between the pre-crash kinematic responses of dummies and those of real humans. Limited research has been conducted on improving dummies for out-of-position conditions. The development of crash test dummies capable of delivering realistic mechanical responses in both low-speed pre-crash and high-speed crash phases will be a key topic for future integrated active-passive safety development. Human body models exhibit good biofidelity during the AEB braking phase and can serve as a complementary tool to crash test dummies for safety condition development. However, evaluation standards for the biofidelity of crash test dummies and human body models in pre-crash conditions remain absent and require further industry standardization. Intelligent restraint systems centered on active pretensioning seatbelts have been proven effective in correcting occupant out-of-position postures and reducing occupant injury. With continuous advancements in intelligent driving technologies, smart cockpit technologies, and AI, integrated active-passive occupant protection will evolve toward diversified protection strategies. By deeply fusing multi-domain sensor data through AI algorithms and combining individualized occupant information, such as weight, height, gender, age, and seating posture obtained via in-cabin cameras, customized occupant protection strategies can be generated, breaking the boundary between active and passive safety and achieving integrated safety, which represents the future development trend.

     

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