Volume 26 Issue 8
Aug.  2026
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ZHANG Yao-hua, CHONG Xiao-lei, REN Yi-nan, ZHOU Ze-yuan. Characteristics of aircraft runway veer-off behavior due to coupled action of crosswind and uneven water accumulation on pavement[J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2026, 26(8): 231-242. doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2026.324
Citation: ZHANG Yao-hua, CHONG Xiao-lei, REN Yi-nan, ZHOU Ze-yuan. Characteristics of aircraft runway veer-off behavior due to coupled action of crosswind and uneven water accumulation on pavement[J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2026, 26(8): 231-242. doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2026.324
shu

Characteristics of aircraft runway veer-off behavior due to coupled action of crosswind and uneven water accumulation on pavement

doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2026.324
  • 1.

    Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, China

  • 2.

    College of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China

More Information
  • Corresponding author: CHONG Xiao-lei, professor, PhD, E-mail: kgy_cxl@163.com
  • Received Date: 2025-12-23
  • Accepted Date: 2026-05-27
  • Rev Recd Date: 2026-04-04
  • Publish Date: 2026-08-28
    Abstract
  • A coupled dynamics model for aircraft runway veer-off under the combined action of crosswind and uneven water accumulation on pavement was established. The relationship among the aerodynamic moment induced by crosswind, the unbalanced drag moment induced by water accumulation, and the correcting moment of the nose wheel was analyzed. A co-simulation system based on the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) algorithm and Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (ADAMS) was constructed. The cross-scale transfer from local wheel-set hydroplaning force identification to full-aircraft landing-roll veer-off response simulation was achieved. The effects of water-depth difference, crosswind speed, and crosswind direction on the center-of-mass trajectory, lateral offset, and yaw angle of the aircraft were investigated. A safety criterion was proposed, in which a center-of-mass lateral offset of 18.7 m was taken as the veer-off threshold for an A320 aircraft on a 45 m wide runway. The results indicate that a water-depth difference of 10 mm causes a friction resistance difference of 16 kN at a touchdown speed of 240 km·h-1. A water-depth difference of 6 mm causes a final lateral offset of 11.6 m. Wet pavement amplifies the veer-off effect of crosswind. Under the same crosswind conditions, the maximum yaw angle of the aircraft on a wet runway is about 2.8 times that on a dry runway. Under the combined action of crosswind and uneven water accumulation, the lateral offset of the aircraft increases significantly, and it may exceed the runway safety limit during the landing roll. Uneven water accumulation induces a yawing moment through the longitudinal resistance difference between the left and right main landing gears, and it is an important internal driving force for aircraft veer-off. Crosswind mainly changes the lateral motion state of the aircraft through aerodynamic side force and yawing moment, and it further amplifies the veer-off effect under wet pavement conditions. When the water-induced moment and the crosswind-induced moment have the same direction, the aircraft yaw attitude increases significantly. When the two forces act in the same direction, the trajectory deviation rate of the aircraft increases obviously. The results provide a theoretical basis and data support for runway water accumulation monitoring, crosswind operation limitation, and landing-roll veer-off risk assessment.

     

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