Mixed ventilation design system combined cross passage with single shaft in extra-long highway tunnel
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摘要: 为了降低公路隧道通风系统土建与运营费用, 解决互补式通风系统适用长度有限的问题, 将互补换气系统应用于分段式纵向通风方式中, 提出了换气横通道结合单风井的混合通风方式; 在隧道通风理论的基础上, 推导了适用于混合通风方式的计算公式; 结合隧道通风设计程序, 给出了从风井位置确定、设计风量计算、横通道位置确定、横通道换气比计算到污染物浓度校核的设计流程, 从隧道结构形式和左、右洞的需风量两方面, 分析了混合通风方式的适用条件; 结合工程案例, 分析了混合通风方式的实用性, 对比了常规分段式纵向通风方式和混合通风方式的土建规模和运营能耗。研究结果表明: 与常规分段式纵向通风方式相比, 在隧道结构方面, 混合通风方式增加2个换气横通道和1个排烟通道, 减少部分联络通道和1座通风井, 从而降低了土建总体规模, 减少了初期土建投资费用, 同时解决了互补通风方式在特长公路隧道应用中受火灾排烟长度限制的问题; 在运营能耗方面, 当车速为60 km·h-1时, 混合通风方式充分利用隧道内的交通风升压力, 减少了机械通风动力的需求, 虽然隧道内射流风机能耗功率有较大增加, 但轴流风机能耗功率降低了25.00%, 总功率减小了10.85%, 隧道运营通风能耗得到有效降低, 具有显著的经济效益。Abstract: In order to reduce the construction and operation costs of highway tunnel ventilation systems, and solve the problem of limited applicable length for the complementary ventilation system, a complementary ventilation system was applied to the sectional longitudinal ventilation mode. A mixed ventilation mode combined air-exchange cross passage with a single shaft was proposed. Based on tunnel ventilation theory, the calculation formulas for this mode were deduced. Combined with tunnel ventilation design procedures, a design process from selecting the air shaft position, calculating the designed air volume, selecting the cross passage position, calculating the air exchange ratio of cross passage to checking the pollutant concentration was developed. The applicability of the mixed ventilation mode was then analyzed according to tunnel structure form and wind demand of left-right line tunnels. An engineering case study was conducted on the practicability of the mixed ventilation mode. The mixed ventilation mode was compared with the conventional sectional longitudinal ventilation mode in terms of the construction scale and operation energy consumption. Analysis result shows that compared with conventional sectional longitudinal ventilation mode, the proposed mixed ventilation mode adds two air-exchange cross passages and a smoke exhaust passage in terms of tunnel structure and reduces part of connection access and a ventilation shaft. Therefore, the overall scale of the structure and the preliminary construction cost are reduced, and the problem of complementary ventilation mode limited by the length of fire smoke exhaust in extra-long highway tunnels is effectively solved at the same time. In terms of operation energy consumption, when vehicle speed in the tunnel is 60 km·h-1, the mixed ventilation mode is more efficient because of the utilization of the traffic wind pressure and the reduction of the need for mechanical ventilation power in the tunnel. Although the energy consumption of jet fans increases, the energy consumption of axial fans reduces by 25.00%, and the total power reduces by 10.85%. The operation energy consumption of tunnel is effectively reduced, which brings significant economic benefits.
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图 2 横通道结合单风井的混合通风方式
Figure 2. Mixed ventilation mode combined cross passage with single shaft
图 3 混合通风方式的隧道内污染物浓度分布
Figure 3. Concentration distribution of pollutants in tunnel with mixed ventilation mode
表 1 双洞隧道的设计风速要求
Table 1. Design wind speed requirements of double-hole tunnel
通风方式 设计风速/(m·s-1) 全射流通风 不宜超过10 分段送排式纵向通风 不宜超过8 分段送排式纵向通风(推荐) 6~8(经济合理) 
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表 2 隧道通风设计参数
Table 2. Design parameters of tunnel ventilation
分线 长度/m 纵坡/% 断面积/m2 隧道最大允许风量/(m3·s-1) 左洞 7 100 -1.9 64.62 646.2 右洞 7 100 1.9 64.62 646.2
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表 3 左、右线隧道需风量
Table 3. Air demands of left and right line tunnels
分线 控制工况 需风量/(m3·s-1) 左洞 换气 380 右洞 烟雾 930
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表 4 混合通风方案的设计参数
Table 4. Design parameters of mixed ventilation scheme
QRBD/(m3·s-1) e1 e2 QE/(m3·s-1) QP/(m3·s-1) QRAD/(m3·s-1) QLD/(m3·s-1) 480 0.347 0.347 370 350 460 480
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表 5 原方案与混合通风方案的风机功率
Table 5. Fan powers of original and mixed ventilation schemes
方案名称 左、右线 主洞及风井 风机类型 正常营运(Vt =60 km·h-1) 风机数量/台 风机功率/kW 总功率/kW 常规分段式纵向通风方案 左线 主洞 射流风机 0 0 2 970 右线 主洞 射流风机 0 0 1#斜井 轴流风机 2(排)/2(送) 577/994 2#斜井 轴流风机 2(排)/2(送) 580/819 横通道结合单斜井的混合型通风方案 左线 主洞 射流风机 9 270 2 648 右线 主洞 射流风机 5 150 1#斜井 轴流风机 2(排)/2(送) 784/1167 横通道 轴流风机 2 277
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