美兰法与美兰拱桥技术发展综述

陈宝春; 何福云; 李聪; 刘君平; ŠAVOR Zlatko; 牟廷敏; 陈康明; 姚海冬; 张梦娇

doi:10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2022.06.001

美兰法与美兰拱桥技术发展综述

doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2022.06.001

陈宝春^{1, 2,},
何福云¹,
李聪³,
刘君平^{1, 2},
ŠAVOR Zlatko⁴,
牟廷敏⁵,
陈康明^{1, 2},
姚海冬⁶,
张梦娇¹

1.
福州大学土木工程学院，福建福州 350116
2.
福州大学桥梁技术创新与风险防治国家级国际联合研究中心，福建福州 350116
3.
广西大学土木建筑工程学院，广西南宁 530004
4.
萨格勒布大学土木工程学院，萨格勒布 10000
5.
四川省公路规划勘察设计研究院有限公司，四川成都 610041
6.
中国路桥工程有限责任公司，北京 100011

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划 2018YFC07054000

国家自然科学基金项目 52078136

广西自然科学基金项目 2021GXNSFBA220006

桂博新计划项目 T3030097963

详细信息

作者简介:
陈宝春(1958-)，男，福建罗源人，福州大学教授，工学博士，从事拱桥、无伸缩缝桥梁与UHPC桥梁研究

中图分类号: U448.22
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-05-23
- 网络出版日期: 2023-01-10
- 刊出日期: 2022-12-25

Review on technical development of Melan method and Melan arch bridges

1.
College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
2.
National Center for Joint International Research of Bridges Technology Innovation and Risk Mitigation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
3.
School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
4.
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
5.
Sichuan Highway Planning, Survey, Design and Research Institute Ltd., Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
6.
China Road and Bridge Corporation, Beijing 100011, China

Funds:

National Key Research and Development Program of China 2018YFC07054000

National Natural Science Foundation of China 52078136

Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi 2021GXNSFBA220006

Guibo New Plan Project T3030097963

More Information

Author Bio:
CHEN Bao-chun(1958-), male, professor, PhD, baochunchen@fzu.edu.cn

Article Text (Baidu Translation)

摘要

摘要:
回顾了美兰法100多年的发展历程，讨论了相关专业术语及其内涵与外延；调查分析了美兰拱桥在中国的应用现状，总结了美兰法的技术发展要点和历史经验；指出了美兰法技术与美兰拱结构的研究现状与发展方向。研究结果表明：美兰法在19世纪末和20世纪上半叶从欧美起源，20世纪下半叶传到中国和日本；按所采用的埋置拱架类型，其在中国的发展可分为半劲性拱架、(一般)钢管混凝土(CFST)拱架和强劲CFST拱架3个阶段；美兰拱桥为混凝土拱桥的一种，美兰法所用的埋置拱架以服务施工为主，成桥后对混凝土的增强作用为辅；截至2021年5月，收集到的中国已建成或在建的美兰拱桥有57座，2007年以来，跨径250 m以上的混凝土拱桥均采用此法修建，其中最大跨径为600 m；美兰拱桥主要应用在中国西南山区的公路桥梁中，近年在铁路桥中的应用增多，以上承式双肋组拼拱为主，矢跨比集中在1/4~1/6，拱轴线多采用悬链线；CFST拱架截面积在主拱截面中的占比、钢管直径、钢管和混凝土材料强度均随时间的推移和跨径的增大而不断提高；应用美兰法时要综合考虑有限的用钢量、受控的结构受力和简便的施工这3种因素；预埋拱架从最早的型钢向类桁式、箱式、桁式发展，目前以桁式为主，桁式钢管拱架多采用悬臂法架设，转体法也有应用且形式多样；为减少用钢量，并控制施工过程中结构的受力与变形，中国创新地引入了CFST桁式结构作为埋置拱架，并采用预压、辅助锚索、多点平衡浇筑、斜拉索等调载方法；近年来，通过采用强劲CFST拱架，外包混凝土横向分环浇筑工序减少至3环及以下；在美兰法应用方面，应以强劲CFST拱架为核心，继续开展材料、结构与施工技术方面的研究；在美兰拱结构方面，应加强钢管增强混凝土结构、超高性能材料、钢腹板(杆)-混凝土组合拱受力性能研究；同时，还应深入研究美兰拱桥的耐久性，从而为新建桥梁的设计和既有桥梁的维修养护服务。
- 桥梁工程 /
- 美兰法 /
- 混凝土拱 /
- 埋置拱架 /
- 钢管混凝土 /
- 综述
Abstract:
The development process of the Melan method for more than 100 years was reviewed, and the corresponding technical terms as well as their connotations and denotations were discussed. The application status of Melan arch bridges in China was investigated and analyzed, and the key technical issues and the development experience of the Melan method were summarized. The research status and development direction of the techniques employed in the Melan method and Melan arch structure were clarified. Research results show that the Melan method originated from Europe and America in the late 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, and then it was spread to China and Japan in the second half of the 20th century. Its development in China can be divided into three stages according to the types of embedded arch frameworks: semi-stiff arch framework, (general) concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) arch framework, and strong CFST arch framework. The Melan arch bridge is a kind of concrete arch bridge. The embedded arch framework used by the Melan method is mainly for the construction, while its reinforcement effect on the concrete is auxiliary after the bridge is completed. A total of 57 Melan arch bridges were built or under construction in China by May 2021. All concrete arch bridges in China with a span of greater than 250 m are built with this method since 2007, of which the largest span is 600 m. The Melan arch bridge is mainly applied in highway bridges in mountainous areas of southwest China, and its application in railway bridges increases significantly in recent years. The deck bridges with braced twin ribs are mainly applied. The rise-to-span ratio is concentrated in the range of 1/4-1/6, and the catenary is widely used as the arch axis. The area ratio of cross-section of the embedded CFST arch to the cross-section of the main arch, the diameter of steel tube, and the strengths of steel tube and concrete materials increase with time and the rise in span. In the application of the Melan method, three factors should be comprehensively considered, namely, the limited steel consumption, controlled mechanical behavior of the structure, and simple construction. The embedded arch framework developes from the earliest section steel to the truss-like structure and then to the box section and truss structure. The truss structure is commonly used today. The cantilever method is mostly used in the erection of the steel-tube truss structure, and the swing method is also used in various forms. To reduce the steel consumption and control the structural stress and deformation during the construction, the CFST truss structure is innovatively introduced as the embedded arch framework in China, and the load adjustment methods are adopted, including preloading, auxiliary anchor cables, multi-point balanced pouring, and stay cables. In recent years, the pouring ring number for the encased concrete in the cross-section significantly reduces to three or less due to the application of the strong CFST arch framework. In terms of the application of the Melan method, the researches on materials, structure, and construction technology focusing on the strong CFST arch framework should be further conducted. Regarding the Melan arch structure, the researches on the mechanical performance of steel-tube-reinforced concrete structures, ultra-high-performance materials, and steel web(rod)-concrete composite arches should be strengthened. Meanwhile, the durability of the Melan arch bridge should be thoroughly explored for the design of new bridges and the repair as well as the maintenance of existing bridges. 5 tabs, 18 figs, 85 refs.
- bridge engineering /
- Melan method /
- concrete arch /
- embedded arch framework /
- concrete-filled steel tube /
- review

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图 1 中国美兰拱桥的累计数量与跨径

Figure 1. Cumulative number and spans of Melan arch bridges in China

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图 2 美兰拱桥在各行业的应用趋势

Figure 2. Application trends of Melan arch bridges in various industries

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图 3 美兰拱桥在中国的地区分布

Figure 3. Regional distribution of Melan arch bridges in China

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图 4 车承形式随时间变化趋势

Figure 4. Variation trends of vehicle bearing forms with time

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图 5 矢跨比应用数量

Figure 5. Application number of rise-span ratio

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图 6 拱轴系数与跨径关系

Figure 6. Relationship between arch axis coefficient and span

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图 7 CFST美兰拱桥钢管强度变化

Figure 7. Changes on steel tube strength of CFST Melan arch bridges

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图 8 管内和外包混凝土的强度变化

Figure 8. Changes on concrete strengths in and out of steel tube

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图 9 美兰拱桥截面高度与跨径关系

Figure 9. Relationships between section depth and span of Melan arch bridges

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图 10 CFST美兰拱桥钢管直径、CFST面积率与跨径关系

Figure 10. Relationships between steel tube diameter, CFST area ratio and span of CFST Melan arch bridges

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图 11 CFST拱架中弦管径厚比

Figure 11. Ratios of chord diameter to thickness in CFST arch frameworks

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图 12 日本旭日桥外包混凝土施工照片

Figure 12. Construction picture of encased concrete in Xuri Bridge in Japan

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图 13 德国Echelsbacher桥钢拱架架设示意

Figure 13. Schematic of steel arch framework erection in Echelsbacher Bridge in Germany

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图 14 Echelsbacher大桥装有砾石的埋置拱架横截面

Figure 14. Cross section of embedded arch framework with gravels in Echelsbacher Bridge

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图 15 Martín Gil桥拱肋截面混凝土分环浇筑示意

Figure 15. Schematic of concreting ring numbers of arch rib section in Martín Gil Bridge

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图 16 美兰拱桥中浇筑混凝土分环分段数与跨径关系

Figure 16. Relationships between span and concreting segment number in ring and along arch for Melan arch bridges

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图 17 美国2座美兰拱桥锈蚀照片

Figure 17. Corrosion pictures of two Melan arch bridges in USA

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图 18 Echelsbacher桥病害照片

Figure 18. Disease pictures of Echelsbacher Bridge

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表 1 中国大跨径美兰拱桥

Table 1. Long-span Melan arch bridges in China

序号	桥名	建成时间	跨径/m	拱架类型
1	辽宁丹东沙河口大桥	1985	156	半劲性拱架
2	四川宜宾小南门桥	1990	240	半劲性拱架
3	广西邕宁邕江大桥	1996	312	一般CFST拱架
4	重庆万县长江大桥	1997	420	一般CFST拱架
5	贵州沪昆高铁北盘江大桥	2016	445	一般CFST拱架
6	四川新市西宁河大桥	在建	510	强劲CFST拱架
7	广西天峨龙滩特大桥	在建	600	强劲CFST拱架

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表 2 CFST美兰拱桥混凝土强度等级

Table 2. Concrete strength grades of CFST Melan arch bridges

强度等级		C30	C40	C45	C50	C55	C60	C80	C100	C120	合计
管内	数量/座	1	11	1	13	3	11	6	3	1	50
管内	比例/%	2.0	22.0	2.0	26.0	6.0	22.0	12.0	6.0	2.0	100.0
外包	数量/座	2	9	1	14	8	5				39
外包	比例/%	5.1	23.1	2.6	35.9	20.5	12.8				100.0

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表 3 CFST美兰拱桥截面形式统计

Table 3. Section form statistics of CFST Melan arch bridges

类别	肋拱			箱板拱
	箱肋		工字肋	箱板拱
	单室	双室		双室	三室	四室
数量/座	29	8	1	1	10	1
比例/%	58	16	2	2	20	2
合计/%	74		2	24

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表 4 外包混凝土浇筑分环数

Table 4. Ring numbers for encased concrete pouring

阶段	横向分环数	≤3	4	5	6	≥7	合计
第2阶段	数量/座	10	13	1		1	25
第2阶段	比例/%	40.0	52.0	4.0		4.0	100
第3阶段	数量/座	18	4		1		23
第3阶段	比例/%	78.3	17.4		4.3		100.0

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表 5 强劲CFST埋置拱架美兰拱桥混凝土浇筑方案

Table 5. Schemes of concreting in Melan arch bridges with strong CFST embedded arch formwork

序号	桥名	跨径/m	建成年份	横向分环数	纵向分段数
1	四川嘉陵江大桥	364	2012	3	16
2	四川泸州磨刀溪大桥	266	2015	2	16
3	四川布拖金沙江大桥	260	2018	2	12
4	四川官盛渠江特大桥	300	2019	2	8
5	四川金阳金沙江大桥	280	2019	2	12
6	四川新市西宁河大桥	510	在建	3	12
7	广西天峨龙滩特大桥	600	在建	3	4

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