中国道路工程中土壤固化技术综述

季节; 梁犇; 韩秉烨; 索智; 王佳妮; 于海臣

doi:10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2023.02.003

中国道路工程中土壤固化技术综述

doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2023.02.003

季节^{1, 2,},
梁犇¹,
韩秉烨^{1, 2},
索智^{1, 2},
王佳妮^{1, 2},
于海臣³

1.
北京建筑大学土木与交通工程学院，北京 100044
2.
北京建筑大学北京节能减排与城乡可持续发展省部共建协同创新中心，北京 100044
3.
北京国道通公路设计研究院股份有限公司，北京 100053

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划 2022YFC38703400

国家自然科学基金项目 52078025

北京市教育委员会科技计划项目 KZ201910016017

详细信息

作者简介:
季节(1972-)，女，河南信阳人，北京建筑大学教授，工学博士，从事道路工程研究JI Jie(1972-), female, professor, PhD, jijie@bucea.edu.cn

中图分类号: U416.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-12-20
- 刊出日期: 2023-04-25

Review on soil solidified technologies in road engineering in China

JI Jie^{1, 2
,},
LIANG Ben¹,
HAN Bing-ye^{1, 2},
SUO Zhi^{1, 2},
WANG Jia-ni^{1, 2},
YU Hai-chen³

1.
School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
2.
Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Energy Conservation & Emission Reduction and Sustainable Urban-Rural Development, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
3.
Beijing Guodaotong Highway Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100053, China

Funds:

National Key Research and Development Program of China 2022YFC38703400

National Natural Science Foundation of China 52078025

Science and Technology Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission KZ201910016017

More Information

Author Bio:
JI Jie (1972-), female, professor, PhD, jijie@bucea.edu.cn

Article Text (Baidu Translation)

摘要

摘要: 为在道路工程建设中更灵活使用不同土壤固化技术并完善固化土规程，对比分析了土壤固化剂对不同土壤的固化效果与适用范围；梳理了道路工程设计和施工规范，统计其对基层与底基层的强度要求，并与固化土规范进行对比，分析了不同等级固化土的强度范围与公路规范要求强度区间的匹配性；结合实际固化强度效果与规范要求，建立了有机固化土与无机固化土在强度要求上的内在联系。研究结果表明：无机、离子、有机3类土壤固化剂对黏土等非特殊土均具有较好的固化效果，有机土壤固化剂具有更广泛的适用范围，且对红土等特殊土表现出更好的固化效果；公路规范中基层不同7 d无侧限抗压强度要求的重叠区间和最小7 d无侧限抗压强度要求各点位组成的下限区间相结合，二者区间交集为[1.5, 5.0]MPa，三级固化土最小强度要求为2.5 MPa，与公路交集区间的5.0 MPa差异较大；结合固化土本身特性和不同道路类型与结构层等对材料力学性能的要求，建议将固化土分级体系细化，新增四级[3.0，4.0)MPa、五级[4.0，5.0)MPa和六级[5.0，+∞)MPa3种等级；在现行规范中未有针对有机固化土的技术要求，而其力学性能基本上接近无机固化土，适用范围优于无机固化土，建议后续规范修订中新增有机固化土类别，以便规范化应用。
- 道路工程 /
- 土壤固化技术 /
- 7 d无侧限抗压强度 /
- 基层 /
- 底基层 /
- 固化土等级 /
- 有机固化土
Abstract: To enhance the versatility of various soil solidified technologies in road construction and to improve the regulations of solidified soil, a comparative analysis was conducted on the solidified effects and applicability ranges of stabilizers for different soils. Additionally, the specifications of road engineering design and construction were reviewed, and their strength requirements for base and sub-base were analyzed and compared with the solidified soil specifications. The compatibility of strength ranges of different grades of solidified soils and the requirements of the road specifications was studied. The internal relation between organic solidified soil and inorganic solidified soil in the strength requirements was established by integrating the solidified strength effect with the specification requirements in real situation. Research results show that inorganic, ion, and organic soil stabilizers display good solidification effects on non-special soils like clay, etc, whereas organic soil stabilizers exhibit a wider range of application and superior performance in stabilizing special soils like laterite, etc. The overlapping interval of the different 7 d unconfined compressive strength requirements for the base specified in the highway regulations and the lower limit interval comprised of various points for the minimum 7 d unconfined compressive strength requirements were combined to form an intersection interval of [1.5, 5.0] MPa. However, the minimum strength requirement for tertiary solidified soil is 2.5 MPa, which greatly differs from 5.0 MPa in the intersection interval in the highway specifications. Considering the characteristics of solidified soil and the diverse requirements of road types and structural specifications on material mechanical properties, it is suggested to refine the grading system of solidified soils by introducing three new grades: Grade Ⅳ [3.0, 4.0) MPa, Grade Ⅴ [4.0, 5.0) MPa, and Grade Ⅵ [5.0, +∞) MPa. There is no technical requirement for organic solidified soil in the current specifications and its mechanical properties are basically close to inorganic solidified soil. Its scope of application is better than inorganic solidified soil, so it is suggested that the subsequent revision of the specifications adds organic solidified soil category for standardized application.
- road engineering /
- soil solidified technologies /
- 7 d unconfined compressive strength /
- base /
- sub-base /
- solidified soil level /
- organic solidified soil

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图 1 土壤固化剂分类

Figure 1. Classification of soil stabilizers

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图 2 无机土壤固化剂

Figure 2. Inorganic soil stabilizers

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图 3 无机土壤固化剂固化机理

Figure 3. Solidification mechanism of inorganic soil stabilizer

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图 4 有机土壤固化剂

Figure 4. Organic soil stabilizers

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图 5 有机土壤固化剂固化机理

Figure 5. Solidification mechanism of organic soil stabilizer

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图 6 离子土壤固化剂

Figure 6. Ionic soil stabilizers

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图 7 离子土壤固化剂固化机理

Figure 7. Solidification mechanism of ionic soil stabilizer

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图 8 双电子层厚度降低过程

Figure 8. Decreasing process of double-electron layer thickness

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图 9 生物酶土壤固化剂

Figure 9. Biological enzyme soil stabilizers

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图 10 生物酶土壤固化剂固化机理

Figure 10. Solidification mechanism of biological enzyme soil stabilizer

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图 11 无机固化土无侧限抗压强度及其提升幅度

Figure 11. Unconfined compressive strengths and increasing amplitudes of inorganic solidified soils

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图 12 离子固化土无侧限抗压强度及其提升幅度

Figure 12. Unconfined compressive strengths and increasing amplitudes of ionic solidified soils

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图 13 有机固化土无侧限抗压强度及其提升幅度

Figure 13. Unconfined compressive strengths and increasing amplitudes of organic solidified soils

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图 14 生物酶固化土无侧限抗压强度

Figure 14. Unconfined compressive strengths of biological enzyme solidified soils

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图 15 不同固化剂对土壤的固化效果

Figure 15. Solidified effects of different stabilizers on soils

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图 16 不同道路等级、交通荷载的公路基层与底基层的7 d无侧限抗压强度要求

Figure 16. 7 d unconfined compressive strength requirements for bases and sub-bases with different road levels and traffic volumes

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表 1 固化土等级划分与性能指标

Table 1. Classification and performance indexes of solidified soils

固化土等级	一级	二级	三级
7 d无侧限抗压强度/MPa	[1.5，2.0)	[2.0，2.5)	[2.5，+∞)
4 h凝结时间影响系数/%	≥90
水稳系数/%	≥80
28 d抗冻性能指标/%	抗冻指数不小于80，质量损失率不大于5

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表 2 固化土分类

Table 2. Classification of solidified soils

分类项目	固化土类别
胶结料类别	水泥固化土、石灰固化土、石灰-水泥固化土、石灰-粉煤灰固化土、复合胶结料固化土
成型工艺	压实型固化土、灌注型固化土、流态型固化土、喷播型固化土
用途	道路固化土、墙体固化土、防渗固化土、淤泥固化土、桩基固化土

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表 3 无机土壤固化技术

Table 3. Inorganic soils solidified technologies

土壤固化剂类型	土壤类型	使用地区	土壤参数			7 d无侧限抗压强度/MPa		最佳固化剂掺量/%		文献
土壤固化剂类型	土壤类型	使用地区	液限/%	塑限/%	塑性指数	无机固化土	水泥固化土	固化剂	水泥	文献
SG-1(矿渣基)	低液限黏土	江苏盐城	22.9	13.8	9.1	4.1	3.5	9.0	1.0	[68]
GGBS(高炉矿渣)	粉质黏土(淤泥质土)	安徽淮南	37.4	23.5	12.9	1.0		17.0	0.0	[42]
BCS(水泥基)	粉质黏土(低液限黏土)	陕西杨凌	32.5	19.0	13.5	1.8	1.8	0.6	15.0	[40]
PS(工业废渣基)	高液限黏土	四川威远	46.0	24.0	22.0	3.0	2.0	8.0	0.0(4.0+4.0)	[23]
PS(工业废渣基)	粉质黏土(盐碱土)	青海盐湖	36.0	20.0	16.0	2.3	1.6	8.0	0.0(4.0+4.0)	[23]
PS(工业废渣基)	砂质土	河北黄骅	26.0	13.0	13.0	2.1	1.5	8.0	0.0(4.0+4.0)	[23]
PS(工业废渣基)	粉质黏土(低液限粉土)	山东东营	30.0	17.0	13.0	1.7	1.5	8.0	0.0(4.0+4.0)	[23]
SH-85(钙基)	红黏土	马来西亚柔佛省	75.0	41.0	33.0	1.0	0.2	9.0	0.0	[37]
TX-85 (NaAlSiFe, pH=12.54)	红黏土	马来西亚柔佛省	75.0	41.0	33.0	1.1	0.2	9.0	0.0	[69]
ASM(炉渣基)	高液限黏土	广东广州				2.5	1.2	7.5	12.5	[70]
MKG(无钙基)	低液限黏土	伍斯特理工学院				3.5	2.5	11.0	0.0(5.0)	[71]

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表 4 离子土壤固化技术

Table 4. Ionic soils solidified technologies

土壤固化剂类型	土壤类型	使用地区	土壤参数			7 d无侧限抗压强度/MPa		最佳固化剂掺量/%		文献
土壤固化剂类型	土壤类型	使用地区	液限/%	塑限/%	塑性指数	无机固化土	水泥固化土	固化剂	水泥	文献
EFS	粉质黏土(低液限黏土)	四川绵阳	31.0	18.36	12.7	3.2		0.020	8.500	[41]
ZL-2A	粉质黏土(黄土)	陕西榆林	24.1	12.90	11.2			0.100		[77]
EN-1	黏性土(淤泥质土)	福建宁德	50.7	31.67	19.1	4.6	2.1	0.100	9.000	[54]
YFS	粉质黏土(低液限黏土)	安徽马鞍	37.5	21.00	16.5	3.6	1.5	0.020	5.000	[76]
SA	粉质黏土(低液限黏土)	安徽马鞍	37.5	21.00	16.5	2.8	1.5	0.020	5.000	[76]
HF	粉质黏土(低液限黏土)	安徽马鞍	37.5	21.00	16.5	2.6	1.5	0.020	5.000	[76]
TK-G	黏性土	北京				3.0	2.1	0.020	6.000	[58]
EN-1	低液限黏土	浙江金华	43.1	23.20	19.1			0.020		[57]
EN-1	红黏土	浙江金华	34.9	24.40	19.5	2.9		0.014	5.000+3.000 (水泥+石灰)	[36]
EN-1	淤泥质土	福建宁德	47.8	24.50	23.3	4.6	2.7	0.020	9.000	[53]

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表 5 有机土壤固化技术

Table 5. Organic soils solidified technologies

土壤固化剂类型	土壤类型	使用地区	土壤参数			7 d无侧限抗压强度/MPa		最佳固化剂掺量/%		文献
土壤固化剂类型	土壤类型	使用地区	液限/%	塑限/%	塑性指数	无机固化土	水泥固化土	固化剂	水泥	文献
PS(聚醋酸乙烯酯/聚甲基丙烯酸酯)	砂质土	伊朗加姆萨尔市	31.7	20.2	11.5	5.0		3.700		[78]
STW(乙酸-乙烯酯)	高液限黏土	江苏宁淮	52.5	32.8	19.7	2.4		30.000		[27]
SH	黄土	兰州	31.2	20.2	11.0	3.8	1.50	0.800	0.000(10.000)	[24]
GKS	红黏土	马来西亚	75.0	41.0	34.0	5.1	2.10	9.000	0.000(9.000)	[79]
TG-2(高分子聚合物)	低液限黏土	东北季节性冰冻地区	41.1	23.8	17.3	2.1	1.62	0.015	4.000+4.000	[80]
EP-W(环氧树脂)	低液限黏土砂质土	希腊塞萨洛尼基市	32.6	19.4	13.2	4.0		2.000 (ER/W)	30.000	[81]
STW(聚醋酸羧基酯)	膨胀土	江苏宁淮高速			18.9	(24 d：0.2)		1.000	0.000	[82]
E-Polymer (丙烯酸酯基)	粉土质砾-黏土质砾	中东卡塔尔				3.2	2.00	1.000	9.000	[29]
R-Polymer (丙烯酸酯基)	粉土质砾-黏土质砾	中东卡塔尔				1.9	2.00	1.000	9.000	[29]
S-Polymer (丙烯酸酯基)	粉土质砾-黏土质砾	中东卡塔尔				2.2	2.00	1.000	9.000	[29]
L-Polymer (丙烯酸酯基)	高液限粉土	美国佛罗里达州				0.9		2.000	0.000	[14]
L-Polymer (丙烯酸酯基)	高液限黏土	美国伊利诺斯州				3.0		2.000	0.000	[14]

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表 6 生物酶土壤固化技术

Table 6. Biological enzyme soils solidified technologies

土壤固化剂类型	土壤类型	使用地区	土壤参数			7 d无侧限抗压强度/MPa		最佳固化剂掺量%		文献
土壤固化剂类型	土壤类型	使用地区	液限/%	塑限/%	塑性指数	无机固化土	水泥固化土	固化剂	水泥	文献
路易酶	粉质黏土 (低液限黏土)	河南南阳				5.10(28 d)		0.5	5.1	[36]
复合乳酸菌	低液限黏土	辽宁沈阳	29.2	17.8	11.4	2.10		5.0	0.0	[26]
TerraZyme	高液限黏土	湖南长沙	53.8	26.4	27.4	2.10		4.0	3.0	[67]
TerraZyme	低液限黏土	湖南长沙	47.4	24.6	22.8	1.60		4.0	3.0	[67]
生物酶	单晶质黏土	喀拉拉邦 Quilandy	86.0	49.0	37.0	0.40		200.0 ml·m^-3		[71]
木质素	低液限粉土	江苏盐城				0.30		12.0	0.0	[72]
葡萄糖	残余黏土(黄土)	韩国				4.30(28 d)	2.7(28 d)	4.9 g·kg^-1	0.0(10.0)	[83]
黄原胶溶液	低液限黏土	土耳其				0.56		2.0	0.0	[66]
瓜尔豆胶	高液限粉土-高液限黏土	印度泰米尔纳德邦				0.33		2.0	0.0	[84]

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表 7 基层和底基层相关规范

Table 7. Related specifications of base and sub-base

序号	规范名称	规范号
1	公路路基设计规范	JTG D30—2015
2	公路路面基层施工技术细则	JTG/T F20—2015
3	城市道路工程设计规范	CJJ 37—2010
4	土壤固化外加剂	CJ/T 486—2015
4	道路固化土应用技术规程	T/CECS 737—2020
5	土壤固化剂应用技术标准	CJJ/T 286—2018
6	城镇道路土壤固化剂稳定混合料基层技术规程	DB42/T 1014—2014
7	软土固化剂	CJ/T 526—2018
8	道路复合稳定土应用技术标准	T/CECS G: D31-01—2017
9	公路沥青路面设计规范	JTG D50—2017
10	公路水泥混凝土路面设计规范	JTG D40—2011
11	城镇道路工程施工与质量验收规范	CJJ 1—2008
12	乡村道路工程技术规范	GB/T 51224—2017
13	Stand Specification for Materials for Embankments and Sub-Bases	AASHTO Designation: M 57-80 (2017)
14	Stand Specification for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes	AASHTO Designation: M 145-91 (2008)
15	A Policy on Geometric Design of Highway and Streets 2018 7th Edition	(GDHS-7)ISBN: 978- 1-56051-676-7
16	Stand Specification for Materials for Aggregate and Soil-Aggregate Subbase, Base, and Surface Courses	AASHTO Designation: M 147-17
17	Standard Practice for Design of Stabilization of Soil and Soil-Like Materials with Self-Cementing Fly Ash	ASTM D7762-11

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表 8 公路基层和底基层7 d无侧限抗压强度要求

Table 8. 7 d unconfined compressive strength requirements for bases and sub-bases in highways

类别	结构层	道路等级	规范编号	荷载等级/MPa
类别	结构层	道路等级	规范编号	极重、特重交通	重交通	中、轻交通
水泥稳定材料、水泥固化土、石灰-水泥固化土、复合胶结料固化土	基层	高速、一级公路	a	5.0~7.0	4.0~6.0	3.0~5.0
			b	5.0~7.0	4.0~6.0	3.0~5.0
			c
			d			3.0~5.0
		二级及以下公路	a	4.0~6.0	3.0~5.0	2.0~4.0
			b	4.0~6.0	3.0~5.0	2.0~4.0
			c	4.0~6.0	3.0~5.0	2.0~4.0
			d		3.0~5.0	2.0~4.0
	底基层	高速、一级公路	a	3.0~5.0	2.5~4.5	2.0~4.0
			b	3.0~5.0	2.5~4.5	2.0~4.0
			c	3.0~5.0	2.5~4.5	2.0~4.0
			d	3.0~5.0	2.5~4.5	2.0~4.0
		二级及以下公路	a	2.5~4.5	2.0~4.0	1.0~3.0
			b	2.5~4.5	2.0~4.0	1.0~3.0
			c	2.5~4.5	2.0~4.0	1.0~3.0
			d	2.5~4.5	2.0~4.0	1.0~3.0

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表 9 城镇道路上基层和下基层7 d无侧限抗压强度要求

Table 9. 7 d unconfined compressive strength requirements for bases and sub-bases in urban roads

类别	结构层	规范编号	荷载等级/MPa
类别	结构层	规范编号	特重交通	重、中交通	轻交通
水泥稳定材料、水泥固化土、石灰-水泥固化土、复合胶结料固化土	上基层	e	3.5~4.5	3.0~4.0	2.5~3.5
		f			≥2.5
		d		3.0~4.0	2.5~3.5
	下基层	e	≥2.5	≥2.0	≥1.5
		f	≥2.5	≥2.0	≥1.5
		d	≥2.5	≥2.0	≥1.5

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表 10 乡村道路基层和面层7 d无侧限抗压强度要求

Table 10. 7 d unconfined compressive strength requirements for bases and surfaces in rural roads

类别	结构层	规范编号	荷载等级/MPa
类别	结构层	规范编号	干路	支路	巷路
水泥稳定材料、水泥固化土、石灰-水泥固化土、复合胶结料固化土	基层	g	2.0~4.0
	基层	d	2.0~4.0	1.0~3.0
	面层	d	≥4.0	≥3.5	≥2.5

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表 11 公路固化土等级要求

Table 11. Grade requirements for highway solidified soils

固化土等级	结构层	道路等级	荷载级别
固化土等级	结构层	道路等级	极重、特重交通	重交通	中、轻交通
六级[5.0，+∞)MPa	基层	高速、一级公路	√	√	√
	基层	二级及以下公路	√	√	√
	底基层	高速、一级公路	√	√	√
	底基层	二级及以下公路	√	√	√
五级[4.0，5.0)MPa	基层	高速、一级公路		√	√
	基层	二级及以下公路	√	√	√
	底基层	高速、一级公路	√	√	√
	底基层	二级及以下公路	√	√	√
四级[3.0，4.0)MPa	基层	高速、一级公路			√
	基层	二级及以下公路		√	√
	底基层	高速、一级公路	√	√	√
	底基层	二级及以下公路	√	√	√
三级[2.5，3.0)MPa	基层	高速、一级公路
	基层	二级及以下公路			√
	底基层	高速、一级公路		√	√
	底基层	二级及以下公路	√	√	√

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表 12 城镇道路固化土等级要求

Table 12. Grade requirements for urban road solidified soils

固化土等级	结构层	荷载级别
固化土等级	结构层	极重、特重交通	重交通	中、轻交通
六级 [5.0，+∞)MPa	上基层	√	√	√
六级 [5.0，+∞)MPa	下基层	√	√	√
五级 [4.0，5.0)MPa	上基层	√	√	√
五级 [4.0，5.0)MPa	下基层	√	√	√
四级 [3.0，4.0)MPa	上基层	√	√	√
四级 [3.0，4.0)MPa	下基层	√	√	√
三级 [2.0，3.0)MPa	上基层			√
三级 [2.0，3.0)MPa	下基层	√	√	√

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表 13 乡村道路固化土等级要求

Table 13. Grade requirements for country road solidified soils

固化土等级	结构层	荷载级别
固化土等级	结构层	干路	支路	巷路
六级 [5.0，+∞)MPa	面层	√	√	√
六级 [5.0，+∞)MPa	基层	√	√	√
五级 [4.0，5.0)MPa	面层	√	√	√
五级 [4.0，5.0)MPa	基层	√	√	√
四级 [3.0，4.0)MPa	面层		√	√
四级 [3.0，4.0)MPa	基层	√	√	√
三级三级 [2.0，3.0)MPa	面层			√
三级三级 [2.0，3.0)MPa	基层	√	√	√

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