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摘要: 在商用汽车频繁制动或长时间持续制动时, 为了提高主制动器使用寿命和制动效能, 分析了辅助制动装置的结构与工作原理, 介绍了适用于柴油发动机车辆的发动机制动与排气制动技术和适用于一般商用车辆的辅助制动技术——电涡流缓速器、永久磁铁式缓速器与液力缓速器, 研究了提高制动力矩、改善散热效能、减小拖滞力矩及优化整车匹配等有关辅助制动装置关键技术, 提出了缓速器的最大制动力矩、平均制动力矩及抗热衰退系数等效能评价指标。指出了自励式缓速器、集成式缓速器和缓速器与主制动器联合控制等是商用汽车辅助制动技术的发展方向, 从政策制定和知识产权保护方面能有力推动中国辅助制动技术的发展。Abstract: In order to improve the service life and braking ability of main brake for commercial automobile during frequent or prolonged braking, engine brake, exhaust brake applied to diesel engine automobile and eddy current retarder, permanent magnet retarder, hydraulic retarder applied to general automobile were introduced based on the analysis of their structures and working principles. The key technologies on improving braking torque and heat dissipation performance, reducing hysteresis drag torque and matching optimization with whole automobile were studied. The ability evaluation indexes about rated braking torque, average braking torque, thermal decay coefficient and so on were presented. It is pointed that self-excited retarder, integrated retarder and retarder united control will become the development trend of auxiliary braking technologies for commercial automobile, and policy formulation and the protection of intellectual property rights will effectively promoted the development of Chinese auxiliary braking technologies. 10 figs, 17 refs.
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Key words:
- automobile engineering /
- commercial automobile /
- auxiliary braking /
- active safety /
- retarder /
- review
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图 1 发动机制动装置
Figure 1. Engine brake device
1-Solenoid valve; 2-Low-pressure oil; 3-Adjusting screw; 4-High-pressure oil; 5-Active piston; 6-Rocker arm adjusting screw; 7-Strut; 8-Exhaust rocker arm; 9-Exhaust valve; 10-T-shaped platen of exhaust; 11-Driven piston; 12-Spherical check valve; 13-Engine oil port
图 3 电磁气压控制的排气制动装置
Figure 3. Exhaust brake device with electromagnetic air pressure control
1-Inlet silencing valve; 2-Pneumatic cylinder; 3-Exhaust brake; 4-Pneumatic cylinder; 5-Storage pot; 6-Battery; 7-Exhaust brake switch; 8-Signal lights; 9-Clutch pedal; 10-Clutch switch; 11-Accelerate switch; 12-Fuel control arm; 13-Flameout manipulation arm; 14-Pneumatic cylinder; 15-Solenoid valve
图 4 盘式电涡流缓速器结构
Figure 4. Disc-type ECR structure
1-Rotor disk; 2-Core; 3-Excitation coil; 4-Rotor axis; 5-Bearings; 6-Fixation; 7-Airgap; 8-Terminal
图 7 永磁式缓速器开通与断开状态时的磁路
Figure 7. Opening and disconnecting states of magnetic circuit of PMR
1-Ferromagnetic material; 2-Non-magnetic material; 3-Rotary drum; 4-Leakage magnetic line; 5-Permanent magnet; 6-Magnetic line
图 8 液力缓速器工作原理
Figure 8. Working principle of hydraulic retarder
1-Stator; 2-Rotor; 3-Shell; 4-Radiator; 5-Control valves system; 6-Pump; 7-Tank
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