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摘要: 从安全行车角度分析了影响双车道公路超车视距的5个因素, 设计了超车汽车、被超车汽车和对向来车三者在双车道公路的行车示意图, 建立了计算超车汽车从开始超车到完成超车所需超车视距的数学模型。确定了汽车制动距离、同车道车头间距等计算参数, 运用数学解析方法, 提出了超车视距的具体计算公式。选择不同设计速度和行车速度, 计算了小汽车和货车在双车道公路的超车视距。分析结果表明: 双车道公路超车视距与公路设计速度、超车汽车的超车速度、被超车汽车和对向来车的行驶速度、同车道车头间距有关; 当被超车汽车和对向来车的速度小于超车速度一半时, 超车视距的计算值才接近规定值; 从安全角度看, 中国双车道公路超车视距规定值偏小。Abstract: 5 factors affecting the overtaking sight distance of dual-lane highway were analyzed from the view of safe driving. The running sketch map of overtaking car, overtook car and opposite car on dual-lane highway was designed. The mathematic model of calculating overtaking sight distance for overtaking car from beginning overtaking to finishing overtaking was established. The calculating parameters were defined such as braking distance and space headway on same lane etc, and the specific calculating formula of overtaking sight distance was proposed by means of mathematic analysis method. According to different design speeds and driving speeds, the overtaking sight distances of car and truck on dual-lane highway were calculated. Analysis result indicates that the overtaking sight distance of dual-lane highway is concerned with the design speed of highway, the overtaking speed of overtaking car, the speeds of overtook car and opposite car, and space headway on same lane. When the speeds of overtook car and opposite car are less than a half of overtaking speed, the calculated value of overtaking sight distance is just close to its specified value. Specified overtaking sight distance of dual-lane highway is smaller from safety view.
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Key words:
- dual-lane highway /
- overtaking sight distance /
- design speed /
- space headway /
- driving speed /
- overtaking speed
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表 1 公路视距规定值
Table 1. Specified values of highway sight distances
车型 小汽车: l1=6 m 普通货车: l1=12 m 设计速度/ (km·h-1) 20 30 40 60 80 20 30 40 60 80 停车视距/m 20 30 40 75 110 20 35 50 85 125 会车视距/m 40 60 80 150 220 40 70 100 170 250 超车视距/m 一般值 100 150 200 350 550 最小值 70 100 150 250 350 注: “一般值”为正常情况下的采用值; “最小值”为条件受限制时可采用的值[2]。 
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表 2 双车道公路上小汽车超车视距计算值
Table 2. Calculated values of car overtaking sight distances for dual-lane highways
超车条件 l0=3 m, l1=6 m, tZ=0.2 s, t0=2.5 s vd/ (km·h-1) 20 30 40 60 80 v0/ (km·h-1) 5 10 15 20 20 30 30 40 45 40 50 60 φ 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 SZ/m 0.27 0.93 1.88 3.26 3.26 6.68 6.68 13.59 17.05 13.59 20.89 29.75 D0/m 12.75 16.88 21.31 26.16 26.16 36.51 36.51 50.37 57.30 50.37 64.39 80.43 D/m 61.01 125.89 166.72 303.92 214.24 570.44 351.80 615.48 911.08 476.02 737.77 1 298.97
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表 3 双车道公路上普通货车超车视距计算值
Table 3. Calculated values of truck overtaking sight distances for dual-lane highways
超车条件 l0=4 m, l1=12 m, tZ=0.6 s, t0=2.5 s vd/ (km·h-1) 20 30 40 60 80 v0/ (km·h-1) 5 10 15 20 20 30 30 40 45 40 50 60 φ 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 SZ/m 0.55 1.48 2.71 4.27 4.27 8.35 8.35 15.82 19.55 15.80 23.67 33.08 D0/m 20.03 24.43 29.13 34.17 34.17 45.18 45.18 59.60 66.80 59.60 74.17 90.76 D/m 92.53 178.74 221.54 392.30 270.39 700.41 392.86 700.86 1 156.35 550.63 832.24 1 454.83
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表 4 超车视距计算值与规定值的比较
Table 4. Comparison of calculated values and specified values for overtaking sight distances
车型 小汽车: l1=6 m 普通货车: l1=12 m 设计速度/ (km·h-1) 20 30 40 60 80 20 30 40 60 80 被超车汽车和对向来车速度/ (km·h-1) 10 15 20 30 40 10 15 20 30 40 超车视距规定值/m 100 150 200 350 550 超车视距计算值/m 125.89 166.72 214.24 351.80 476.02 178.74 221.54 270.3 392.86 550.63
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