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摘要: 借助发动机性能模型, 研究了发动机性能退化对氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、未燃碳氢化合物(UHC)与碳烟颗粒(Soot)排放的影响, 提出了基于飞行参数与发动机性能模型的污染物排放总量估算方法。利用ICAO排放数据拟合得到发动机地面状态下的参考排放指数, 利用相对法模型得到飞行状态下的排放指数, 根据航班飞行参数和发动机性能模型估算航班污染物排放总量。研究结果表明: 性能退化对污染物的排放指数影响较大, 仅考虑进对燃油消耗量的影响, 性能退化对NOx排放总量的影响较小, 但会引起CO、UHC与Soot排放总量的上升。执行中短途航班的双发民航飞机的NOx排放总量最高约为100kg, 其次为CO, 约为20kg, 而UHC和Soot的排放总量较低, 小于1kg。老化发动机的CO、UHC与Soot的排放总量增加约为10%, 而NOx排放总量增加约为2%。Abstract: On the basis of engine performance model, the effects of performance deterioration on engine pollution emissions, such as NOx, CO, UHC and Soot, were studied, and an estimation method of total emissions in flight based on flight parameters and engine performance model was proposed.By fitting ICAO emission data, the reference emission indices of engine under ground condition were obtained, the emission indices in flight were calculated by using the reference emission model, and the total emissions in flight were calculated based on flight parameters and engine performance model.Study result shows that engine performance deterioration has great effects on the emission indices.When considering the impact of fuel flow, the performance deterioration has less impact on NOx emission, but makes the total emissions of CO, UHC and Soot increase.For a modern turbo fan engine in a middle range flight, the total emission of NOx is about 100 kg, CO about 20 kg, and both UHC and Soot less than 1 kg.Engine performance deterioration results in an increase of about 10% for the total emissions of CO, UHC and Soot, but about 2% for NOx.
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图 13 燃烧室进口温度和压力
Figure 13. Total pressure and temperature at inlet of combustion chamber
表 1 排放审定数据
Table 1. Emission certification data
发动机工作状态 推力/% 工作时间/min 燃油流量/(kg·s-1) 排放指数/(g·kg-1) 冒烟数 UHC CO NOx 起飞 100 0.7 1.46 0.048 0.543 30.904 15.98 爬升 85 2.2 1.15 0.023 0.251 21.828 13.38 进近 30 4.0 0.36 0.045 2.144 9.557 2.11 滑行 7 26.0 0.11 1.097 25.588 4.601 2.05 
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表 2 部件退化对发动机热力学参数的影响
Table 2. Effects of part degradations on engine thermodynamics parameters
部件 E/% F/% ΔP3/kPa ΔT3/K ΔWf/(kg·s-1) Fan -2 -2 33.2 2.1 0.013 LPC -2 -2 -21.6 3.6 0.010 HPC -2 -2 -6.7 6.8 0.015 HPT -2 2 -81.4 -8.9 0.027 LPT -2 2 31.9 5.7 0.025
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表 3 高压转子性能衰退模拟
Table 3. Degradation simulation of high pressure rotor
部件 退化程度 1 2 3 4 5 6 HPC F/% -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 E/% -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 ΔTE/K 5.6 9.1 12.8 16.8 20.9 25.3 HPT F/% 1 2 3 4 5 6 E/% -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 ΔTE/K 9.6 21.0 34.0 48.0 63.0 79.5 HPC+HPT F/% ±1 ±2 ±3 ±4 — — E/% -1 -2 -3 -4 — — ΔTE/K 15.7 34.7 56.5 80.3 — —
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表 4 发动机污染物排放总量
Table 4. Total pollution emissions of engines
排放量与油耗 新发动机 老化的发动机 变化量/% 污染物排放总量/kg NOx 92.45 94.42 2.1 CO 16.32 18.18 10.2 UHC 0.50 0.56 11.6 Soot 0.37 0.41 12.2 总油耗/kg 6 610.2 6 829.0 3.3
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