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摘要: 针对独立车轮自导向性能差的问题, 应用改进电轴技术在轻轨车辆电机单独驱动独立车轮中, 形成一种电气耦合轮对型式, 以无形的电轴替代传统的机械轴, 改善导向性能。从电路分析理论出发, 分析了新型耦合轮对的耦合性能和影响因素, 确定电气耦合轮对是一种对左右车轮转角差自动施加反馈控制的技术, 且轮对耦合的强弱可通过调节电容与电阻实现, 调节电容方案因能耗低而优于调节电阻方案。建立电气耦合轮对和弹性阻尼耦合轮对轻轨车辆横向动力学模型, 分析了轮对的转向行为。仿真结果表明: 电气耦合轮对耦合力矩最大达到近1 kN·m, 耦合能力强; 直线上受激扰后, 2种车辆的横移量与摇头角自行趋于0, 通过曲线时, 横移量稳定值小于8 mm, 摇头角小于0.2°, 因此, 2种耦合轮对车辆具有直线对中能力和曲线通过性能; 通过小曲线时, 电机因电气耦合而造成的最大耗能功率低于140 W, 系统能耗低。Abstract: A new coupled wheelset was proposed by electrical coupled method to improve the self-steering behavior of independently rotating wheel. The improved electrical shaft system was applied in LRV(light railway vehicle) with motor independently driven wheels to construct the ECW(electrical coupled wheelset).An invisible electrical shaft replaced the conventional mechanical shaft between the motor-driven wheels. The coupled capacity and influencing factors of ECW were studied based on circuit analysis theory.It was ascertained that oriented mechanism of ECW was an active feedback control technology, and the rotating angular difference between left and right wheels was taken as feedback signal. The coupled capacity was adaptive by adjusting capacitance or resistance.It was better method for regulating capacitance than resistance as low power consumption.The numerical models of LRVs with ECW and EDCW(elasto-damper coupled wheelset) were established to simulate the steering behavior. Simulation result indicates that the maximum coupled torque of ECW is near to 1 kN·m, so the coupled ability is more powerful.LRVs with ECW and EDCW finally run along the center line of straight track after inputting a excitation, and their lateral displacements and attack angles are respectively less than 8 mm and 0.2° while vehicle runs on curve track, so they have good centering ability and curve negotiation.It's a low-power cost for electrical coupled system to produce coupled torque, and the maximum consumption power of motor is no more than 140 W when vehicle runs on the small radius curve track.
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Key words:
- vehicle engineering /
- LRV /
- electrical shaft technology /
- coupled wheelset /
- steering behavior
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图 2 改进的电轴系统一相等效电路
Figure 2. Single-phase equivalent circuit of improved electrical shaft system
图 5 EDCW和ECW的横移特征根分布
Figure 5. Eigenvalue loci of lateral displacements of EDCW and ECW
表 1 双电机驱动独立车轮轮对转向架
Table 1. Bogies with IRW driven by double motors
转向架 驱动电机 生产商 运营城市 Eurotram 四电机 Bombardier 斯特拉夫堡 Incentro 四电机 Bombardier 南特 R3.1 四轮毂电机 Siemens AG 法兰克福 Tram 2000 两轮毂电机 Bombardier 布鲁塞尔 Variotram 四轮毂电机 ABB Henschel 开姆尼斯 
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表 2 轻轨车辆动力学模型主要参数
Table 2. Main parameters of LRV dynamics model
变量名称 符号 数值 轮对质量/kg mw 1 250 构架质量/kg mt 2 500 车体质量/kg mc 22 000 轮对转动惯量/(kg·m2) Iwx/Iwy/Iwz 700/100/700 构架转动惯量/(kg·m2) Itx/Ity/Itz 1 500/1 000/2 500 车体转动惯量/(kg·m2) Icx/Icy/Icz 4×104/2×106/2×106 每轴箱一系(纵/横/垂向)刚度/(MN·m-1) Kpx/Kpy/Kpz 10/5/1 每轴箱一系阻尼/(kN·s·m-1) Cpx/Cpy/Cpz 5/5/1 每构架一侧二系刚度/(MN·m-1) Ksx/Ksy/Ksz 0.25/0.25/0.40 每构架一侧二系阻尼/(kN·s·m-1) Csx/Csy/Csz 1/60/60 滚动圆跨距之半/m b 0.75 轴距之半/m Lt 1 定距之半/m Lh 5 一系悬挂横向跨距之半/m Lpy 1 二系悬挂横向跨距之半/m Lsy 1 车轮半径/m r0 0.3 纵/横向蠕滑系数 f1/f2 1.149 4×107/9.671 5×106 车轮等效锥度 λ 0.2
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表 3 ECW轻轨车辆各轮对状态
Table 3. Wheelsets states of LRV with ECW
轮对 最大横移/mm 最大冲角/(°) 最大耦合力矩/(N·m) 最大电机耦合消耗功率/W 1 8.1 0.149 741.5 71.6 2 7.9 0.183 706.4 63.6 3 8.2 0.172 904.2 136.7 4 7.8 0.195 925.6 126.9
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