Impacts of runoff scouring on high-grade highway slope erosion in alpine and high-altitude regions
-
摘要: 为阐明高寒高海拔地区高等级公路边坡侵蚀规律, 为防治公路边坡水土流失提供理论依据, 以青海省共和至玉树公路路基裸露边坡为研究对象, 采用野外径流冲刷试验分析了汇流对高寒高海拔地区公路边坡的侵蚀规律与防护策略。分析结果表明: 6.0、10.0、14.5L·min-1流量下产流时间较3.5L·min-1流量下产流时间分别提前了23.83、107.63、108.13s, 冲刷流量越大, 产流时间越短; 3.5、6.0、10.0、14.5L·min-1流量下总产沙量分别为14.65、20.42、43.61、32.20 kg, 产沙量先增大后减小; 累积产流量与累积产沙量的关系满足幂函数形式; 冲刷流量与侵蚀产沙量呈显著正相关。可见有效减少路面径流是减少高速公路边坡侵蚀量的关键, 配套排水措施应具有迅速将路面汇流汇集排出的功能; 高寒高海拔地区边坡防护应减少圬工防护措施, 在边坡植被恢复时应采用合理的覆盖措施及固土措施。Abstract: In order to expound the erosion laws on high-grade highway slope in alpine and highaltitude regions and provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of water and soil loss for highway slope, subgrade bare slope of Gonghe-Yushu Highway in Qinghai Province was chosen as research object, field runoff scouring experiments were carried out to analyze the erosion laws of sink flow on high-grade highway slope in alpine and high-altitude regions, and protection strategy was expounded. Analysis result shows that runoff produce times with flow rates of 6.0, 10.0, 14.5L·min-1 respectively advance by 23.83, 107.63, 108.13 scompared to runoff producing time with flow rate of 3. 5L·min-1. The bigger scouring flow rate is, the shorter runoff producing time is. Total sediment yields with flow rates of 3.5, 6.0, 10.0, 14.5L·min-1 are14. 65, 20.42, 43.61, 32.20 kg respectively, so the sediment yield first increases then decreases. The relationship between accumulative runoff yield and accumulative sediment yield meets power function form. Scouring flow rate and erosion sediment yield show significant positive correlation. Obviously reducing pavement runoff effectively is the key to decrease highway slope erosion amount, the supporting drainage measures should have the function of collecting and discharging pavement sink flow quickly, masonry protection measures should be reduced in slope protection in alpine and high-altitude regions, and reasonable covering and soil fixing measures should be taken when slope vegetation is in recovery.
-
图 7 累积产沙量与累积产流量的关系曲线
Figure 7. Relationship curves between accumulative sediment yield and accumulative runoff yield
表 3 累积产沙量与累积产流量的函数关系
Table 3. Functional relationships between accumulative sediment yield and accumulative runoff yield
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] WU Shu-fang, WU Pu-te, FENG Hao, et al. Effects of alfalfa coverage on runoff, erosion and hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on loess slope plots[J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering in China, 2011, 5(1): 76-83. doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0282-x [2] SHI X Z, WANG K, WARNER E D, et al. Relationship between soil erosion and distance to roadways in undeveloped areas of China[J]. Catena, 2008, 72(2): 305-313. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2007.06.004 [3] 刘春霞, 韩烈保. 高速公路边坡植被恢复研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 2007, 27(5): 2090-2098. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.05.050LIU Chun-xia, HAN Lie-bao. Review of researches in vegetation restoration of freeway slopes[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinca, 2007, 27(5): 2090-2098. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.05.050 [4] 吴青柏, 牛富俊. 青藏高原多年冻土变化与工程稳定性[J]. 科学通报, 2013, 58(2): 115-130. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB201302003.htmWU Qing-bai, NIU Fu-jun. Permafrost changes and engineering stability in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013, 58(2): 115-130. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB201302003.htm [5] 王根绪, 李元首, 吴青柏, 等. 青藏高原冻土区冻土与植被的关系及其对高寒生态系统的影响[J]. 中国科学D辑: 地球科学, 2006, 36(8): 743-754. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK200608006.htmWANG Gen-xu, LI Yuan-shou, WU Qing-bai, et al. The relationship between frozen soil and vegetation in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its impact on the alpine ecosystem[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2006, 36(8): 743-754. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK200608006.htm [6] COFFIN A W. From roadkill to road ecology: a review of the ecological effects of roads[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2007, 15(5): 396-406. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.11.006 [7] 程国栋, 马巍. 青藏铁路建设中冻土工程问题[J]. 自然杂志, 2006, 28(6): 315-320. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2006.06.002CHENG Guo-dong, MA Wei. Frozen soil engineering problems in construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J]. Chinese Journal of Nature, 2006, 28(6): 315-320. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2006.06.002 [8] 马世震, 陈桂琛, 彭敏, 等. 青藏公路取土场高寒草原植被的恢复进程[J]. 中国环境科学, 2004, 24(2): 188-191. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6923.2004.02.015MA Shi-zhen, CHEN Gui-chen, PENG Min, et al. The alpine steppe vegetation restoration process of fountainhead region of Qinghai-Tibet Highway[J]. China Environmental Science, 2004, 24(2): 188-191. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6923.2004.02.015 [9] 陈济丁, 孔亚平, 何子文. 青藏高原多年冻土地区公路边坡植被生长的观测与研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2008, 30(4): 704-709. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200804026.htmCHEN Ji-ding, KONG Ya-ping, HE Zi-wen. Observation and research of artificial vegetation growth on roadside slopes in the permafrost regions of Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2008, 30(4): 704-709. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200804026.htm [10] 程晔, 方靓, 赵俊锋, 等. 高速公路边坡CF网防护抗冲刷室内模型试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2010, 29(增1): 2935-2942. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX2010S1052.htmCHENG Ye, FANG Liang, ZHAO Jun-feng, et al. Indoor scour model test of expressway slope ecology protection using coconut fibre nets[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2010, 29(S1): 2935-2942. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX2010S1052.htm [11] 刘窑军, 王天巍, 蔡崇法, 等. 植被措施与路面汇水对三峡库区土质道路边坡侵蚀影响[J]. 水科学进展, 2014, 25(1): 98-105. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SKXJ201401014.htmLIU Yao-jun, WANG Tian-wei, CAI Chong-fa, et al. Impacts of vegetation and pavement runoff concentration on rural roadside slope erosions in Three Gorge Reservoir area[J]. Advance in Water Science, 2014, 25(1): 98-105. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SKXJ201401014.htm [12] 张乐涛, 高照良, 李永红, 等. 模拟径流条件下工程堆积体陡坡土壤侵蚀过程[J]. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(8): 145-153. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NYGU201308018.htmZHANG Le-tao, GAO Zhao-liang, LI Yong-hong, et al. Soil erosion process of engineering accumulation in steep slope under simulated runoff conditions[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013, 29(8): 145-153. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NYGU201308018.htm [13] 江长通, 王银梅, 胡乾亮, 等. 黄土边坡冲刷过程及影响因素分析[J]. 水土保持学报, 2015, 29(4): 14-17, 47. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS201504003.htmJIANG Chang-tong, WANG Yin-mei, HU Qian-liang, et al. Analysis of erosion process of loess slope and its influencing factors[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 29(4): 14-17, 47. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS201504003.htm [14] JONES J A, SWANSON F J, WEMPLE B C. Effects of roads on hydrology, geomorphology, and disturbance patches in stream networks[J]. Conservation Biology, 2000, 14(1): 76-85. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99083.x [15] WEMPLE B C, SWANSON F J, JONES J A. Forest roads and geomorphic process intersections, Cascade Range, Oregon[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2001, 26(2): 191-204. doi: 10.1002/1096-9837(200102)26:2<191::AID-ESP175>3.0.CO;2-U [16] LUCE C H, BLACK T A. Sediment production from forest roads in western Oregon[J]. Water Resources Research, 1999, 35(8): 2561-2570. doi: 10.1029/1999WR900135 [17] CROKE J, MOCKLER S. Gully initiation and road-to-stream linkage in a forested catchment, southeastern Australia[J]. Earth Surface Process and Landforms, 2001, 26(2): 205-217. doi: 10.1002/1096-9837(200102)26:2<205::AID-ESP168>3.0.CO;2-G [18] BOCHET E, GARCÍA-FAYOS P. Factors controlling vegetation establishment and water erosion on motorway slopes in Valencia, Spain[J]. Restoration Ecology, 2004, 12(2): 166-174. doi: 10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.0325.x [19] 刘小勇, 吴普特. 硬地面侵蚀产沙模拟试验研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2000, 14(1): 33-37. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS200001006.htmLIU Xiao-yong, WU Pu-te. Simulated study on erosion and sediment yield on hard ground surface[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2000, 14(1): 33-37. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS200001006.htm [20] 蒲玉琳, 谢德体, 林超文, 等. 植物篱-农作模式坡耕地土壤综合抗蚀性特征[J]. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(18): 125-135. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NYGU201318016.htmPU Yu-lin, XIE De-ti, LIN Chao-wen, et al. Characteristics of soil comprehensive anti-erodibility under sloped cropland with hedgerows[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013, 29(18): 125-135. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NYGU201318016.htm [21] FORMAN R T T, ALEXANDER L E. Roads and their major ecological effects[J]. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 1998, 29(4): 207-231. [22] SMETS T, POESEN J, BHATTACHARYYA R, et al. Evaluation of biological geotextiles for reducing runoff and soil loss under various environmental conditions using laboratory and field plot data[J]. Land Degradation and Development, 2011, 22(5): 480-494. doi: 10.1002/ldr.1095 [23] BOCHET E, GARCA-FAYOS P, TORMO J. How can we control erosion of roadslopes in semiarid Mediterranean areas?Soil improvement and native plant establishment[J]. Land Degradation and Development, 2010, 21(2): 110-121. [24] ZHOU Zheng-chao, SHANGGUAN Zhou-ping. Effect of ryegrasses on soil runoff and sediment control[J]. Pedosphere, 2008, 18(1): 131-136. [25] ZHOU Z C, SHANGGUAN Z P, ZHAO D. Modeling vegetation coverage and soil erosion in the Loess Plateau Area of China[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2006, 198(1/2): 263-268. [26] 李海东, 沈渭寿, 邹长新, 等. 雅鲁藏布江源区土壤侵蚀特征[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2010, 26(1): 25-30. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NCST201001005.htmLI Hai-dong, SHEN Wei-shou, ZOU Chang-xin, et al. Soil erosion in the source area of the Yarlung Zangbo in China[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2010, 26(1): 25-30. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NCST201001005.htm [27] 李勇. 高寒牧区公路边坡与退化草地植被恢复治理研究[D]. 雅安: 四川农业大学, 2015.LI Yong. Research on vegetation restoration of highway slope and degraded grassland in alpine pastoral area[D]. Yaan: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2015. (in Chinese). [28] 邹长新, 沈渭寿, 张慧. 新建青藏铁路施工期土壤侵蚀预测[J]. 水土保持通报, 2003, 23(6): 15-18. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STTB200306004.htmZOU Chang-xin, SHEN Wei-shou, ZHANG Hui. Soil erosion prediction for construction of Qinghai-Tibetan Railway[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2003, 23(6): 15-18. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STTB200306004.htm [29] 钱登峰, 庄晓晖, 张博. 高寒区冻融侵蚀类型及驱动力分析[J]. 中国水土保持, 2014(6): 16-17. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGSB201406007.htmQIAN Deng-feng, ZHUANG Xiao-hui, ZHANG Bo. Analysis on freeze-thaw erosion type in alpine area and driving force[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2014(6): 16-17. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGSB201406007.htm [30] 肖桐, 邵全琴, 孙文义, 等. 三江源高寒草甸典型坡面草地退化特征综合分析[J]. 草地学报, 2013, 21(3): 452-459. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CDXU201303009.htmXIAO Tong, SHAO Quan-qin, SUN Wen-yi, et al. Grassland degradation characteristics of typical alpine meadow slopes in the Three-River Source Region of Qinghai Province[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2013, 21(3): 452-459. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CDXU201303009.htm [31] 王钊齐. 江河源区高寒草甸退化序列上放牧侵蚀研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2012.WANG Zhao-qi. Research on grazing erosion in alpine meadow degradation sequence in source area of rivers[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2012. (in Chinese). [32] 魏卫东, 李希来. 三江源区高寒草甸退化草地土壤侵蚀模型与模拟研究[J]. 环境科学与管理, 2013, 38(7): 26-30. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BFHJ201307009.htmWEI Wei-dong, LI Xi-lai. Soil erosion model and simulation of degraded grassland of alpine meadow in Sanjiangyuan Region[J]. Environmental Science and Management, 2013, 38(7): 26-30. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BFHJ201307009.htm -
点击查看大图
图(7) / 表(3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 719
- HTML全文浏览量: 154
- PDF下载量: 505
- 被引次数: 0
