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摘要: 以国三和国五公交车为研究对象, 对其燃用柴油与B10餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油进行了应用研究, 以柴油为参照, 分析了B10餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油对公交车动力性、燃油经济性、排放性与可靠性的影响。研究结果表明: 国三与国五公交车使用B10餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油的最高车速、直接挡25~70 km·h-1全油门加速时间、0~70 km·h-1全油门起步加速时间等动力性能与柴油相当; B10餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油国三、国五公交车HC、CO、PM和固态PM2.5数量排放低于柴油, 其中HC分别降低7.1%、11.1%, CO分别降低9.2%、8.0%, PM分别降低36.8%、8.4%, 固态PM2.5数量分别降低4.7%、23.5%;B10餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油对国三、国五柴油公交车NOx排放影响存在差异, B10国三公交车的NOx排放比柴油增加7.9%, 但B10国五柴油公交车NOx排放降低11.2%;在16个月的试验应用期间, 柴油公交车燃用柴油与B10餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油的月平均百公里油耗随时间变化趋势一致, 受夏季使用空调的影响, 公交车在夏季(7~9月) 的月平均百公里油耗较高; 国三、国五公交车燃用柴油与B10的月平均百公里油耗样本服从正态分布, 其分布均值分别为38.67、38.60、39.06和39.27L, B10公交车的百公里油耗与柴油相当; 与柴油比较, B10公交车油路故障率有所升高, 油水分离器和燃油滤清器是故障率相对较高的零件。应采取措施改善餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油的氧化安定性, 严格控制其水含量, 改善B10餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油公交车的可靠性。Abstract: The application research of buses certified to meet China Ⅲ and Ⅴ emission standards (referred to as "China Ⅲ buses" and "China Ⅴ buses"), which are fueled with diesel and waste cooking oil-based B10 biodiesel, was investigated.The influences of using waste cooking oilbased B10 biodiesel on the power performance, fuel economy, emission performance, and reliability of buses were analyzed in comparison with using pure diesel.Analysis result shows that power performances such as maximum speed, and acceleration time at full throttle from 25 to 70 km·h-1 and from 0 to 70 km·h-1 for the B10-fueled China Ⅲ and Ⅴ buses are at the same level with diesel-fueled buses.The emissions of HC, CO, PM, and solid particulate number of PM2.5 emitted by B10-fueled China Ⅲ and Ⅴ buses are lower than that in diesel-fueled buses.Among these emissions, HC from B10-fueled China Ⅲ and Ⅴ buses reduce by 7.1% and 11.1%, CO by 9.2% and 8.0%, PM by 36.8% and 8.4%, and solid particulate number reduce by 4.7% and 23.5%, respectively.Waste cooking oil-based biodiesel blends of B10 have different effects on the NOx emissions of China Ⅲ and Ⅴ buses.The emissions of NOx from a B10-fueled China Ⅲ bus are 7.9% higher than that from a diesel-fueled bus, while a B10-fueled China Ⅴ bus emits 11.2% less NOx compared with the diesel-fueled buses.During the test operation for sixteen months, the trend for the monthly average fuel consumption of China Ⅲ and Ⅴ buses fueled with two kinds of fuel, is the same with time.Owing to the running of the vehicle air conditioning in summer, the monthly average fuel consumption of buses is much higher in summer (from July to September).The monthly average fuel consumption samples of both diesel-fueled and B10-fueled China Ⅲ and Ⅴ buses obey the normal distribution, and the mean of the probability distributions are 38.67, 38.60, 39.06, and 39.27 L, respectively.Compared with the diesel-fueled buses, the failure rate of the B10-fueled buses connected with the fuel circuit is slightly higher, and the failure rates of oil-water separators and fuel filters take up large portions of maintenance.To improve the reliability of the B10-fueled buses, some key indicators such as oxidation stability and the water content of biodiesel made from used cooking oil should be controlled.
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图 3 月平均百公里油耗概率分布
Figure 3. Probability distribution of monthly average fuel consumption of 100-kilometer
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