Runoff characteristics for straightline segment asphalt pavement based on two-dimensional shallow water equations
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摘要: 基于二维浅水方程的水动力学方法建立了直线段沥青路面径流的数值模型, 根据实际降雨条件下沥青路面径流变化过程的监测结果验证了模型参数, 研究了路面宽度、组合坡度等几何参数与路侧排水方式对路面径流时空分布特性的影响。研究结果表明: 设计降雨条件下, 路面径流在空间分布上呈较强的二维特性, 沥青路面径流深度变化依次经历增加、稳态径流与退水3个过程; 漫排水条件下, 路面宽度分别为11、15、20、25、30 m时, 路面径流最大深度分别为11.87、14.39、17.08、19.69、21.98 mm, 退水时间分别为1.4、1.4、2.4、2.9、3.4 min; 路面径流深度增幅随路面宽度的增加而降低, 退水时间随路面宽度的增加而增加; 相比于行车道, 硬路肩路面径流的退水时间延长约20%;较大的坡度组合(横坡为3%, 纵坡为2%) 有利于排水; 当采用集中排水时, 路缘石的阻拦使路侧产生壅水, 壅水区宽度为6~8 m, 壅水区范围占路面宽度的比例随路面宽度的增加而逐渐缩小, 非壅水区内的路面径流深度变化与漫排水条件下基本相同; 为保证行车安全, 可通过改变路面坡度来减少路面径流的汇流时间; 路缘石对路面径流的阻拦效应明显, 在排水设计中应合理设置路缘石高度与开口间隔, 避免行车道出现壅水现象。Abstract: Based on the hydrodynamic method of two-dimensional shallow water equations, a numerical model of straightline segment asphalt pavement runoff was proposed. According to the monitoring result of asphalt pavement runoff variation under the actual rainfall conditions, the model parameters were validated. The influences of geometric parameters such as the pavement width, slope combination, and drainage method on the temporal and spatial variations in the pavement runoff were analyzed. Research result shows that under the designed rainfall conditions, the pavement runoff exhibits strong two-dimensional characteristics in the spatial distribution. The runoff depth variation process includes the increasing period, steady-state runoff and retreat. Under the condition of decentralized drainage, when the pavement width is 11, 15, 20, 25 and 30 m, respectively, the maximum pavement runoff depth is 11.87, 14.39, 17.08, 19.69 and 21.98 mm, respectively, and the retreat time is 1.4, 1.4, 2.4, 2.9 and 3.4 min, correspondingly. The increment of pavement runoff depth decreases as the pavement width increases. The retreat time of pavement runoff increases with the addition of pavement width. Comparing with the carriageway, the retreat time in shoulder area increases by approximately 20%. A larger slope combination (the cross slope is 3% and the longitudinal slope is 2%) is beneficial to the drainage. When adopting the central drainage, the block of curbs leads to the formation of backwater on the roadside. The width of backwater area is 6-8 m, and its proportion decreases with the increase of pavement width. In the no-backwater area, the pavement runoff depth shows a similar change to that when using the decentralized drainage. To ensure the driving safety, a reasonable pavement slope should be set to reduce the confluence time of pavement runoff. The blocking effect of curbs on the pavement runoff is obvious, thus, the height of curbs and outlets interval should be set reasonably in the drainage design to avoid the formation of backwater in the carriageway.
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图 5 不同路面宽度条件下横断面径流分布
Figure 5. Runoff distributions in cross-section with different pavement widths
图 7 降雨影响下路面径流深度时变过程
Figure 7. Temporal variations of pavement runoff depth influenced by rainfall
表 1 模拟方案
Table 1. Simulation schemes
方案编号 1 2 3 4 5 6 横坡/% 2 2 3 2 2 3 纵坡/% 0.3 2 2 0.3 2 2 排水方式 漫排 漫排 漫排 集中排 集中排 集中排 
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表 2 漫排水条件下路面径流深度与退水时间
Table 2. Pavement runoff depths and retreat times under condition of decentralized drainage
路面宽度/m 模拟方案 外侧行车道 硬路肩 径流深度/mm 退水时间/min 径流深度/mm 退水时间/min 11 1 11.3 1.2 11.9 1.4 2 14.3 1.2 14.1 1.4 3 11.8 1.2 12.8 1.4 15 1 13.8 1.2 14.4 1.4 2 15.7 1.2 16.4 1.4 3 14.2 1.2 15.2 1.4 20 1 15.9 2.0 17.1 2.4 2 17.7 2.0 17.9 2.4 3 15.1 2.0 16.5 2.4 25 1 17.9 2.4 19.9 2.9 2 17.8 2.4 21.8 2.9 3 16.9 2.4 18.7 2.9 30 1 19.9 2.8 21.9 3.4 2 22.0 2.8 24.5 3.4 18.7 2.8 21.1 3.4
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