Characteristics of temperature field of airfield runway permafrost subgrade in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
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摘要: 对比了青藏高原多年冻土地区机场跑道地基温度场与公路路基温度场, 分析了其地基温度分布、温度沿深度的变化以及地基最大融化深度, 研究了宽幅沥青混凝土道面机场跑道地基温度场特征, 对比了不同道面宽度条件下其地基温度分布、不同时间地基温度沿深度的变化以及跑道中部及道肩的最大融化深度, 并基于道面宽度、时间建立了沥青混凝土道面机场跑道道中地基融化深度的表达式。研究结果表明: 多年冻土地区机场跑道地基温度场与公路路基温度场存在明显差异, 机场跑道地基融土核位置更低, 且全部位于天然地面以下, 而公路路基融土核位置相对较高, 可以通过抬高路堤使融土核全部位于路堤内, 便于通风管等温控措施的施工, 可见由于机场跑道无路堤、道面幅度宽等特点, 使得多年冻土地区公路与铁路建设的现有研究成果不能完全应用于机场跑道建设中; 对于沥青混凝土道面的机场跑道多年冻土地基, 随着道面宽度的增加, 跑道地基稳定性降低, 道面宽度每增加1%, 地基0℃等温线约下降0.17%, 地基融土核最高温约上升0.46%, 道中地基融化深度约加深0.19%, 但当道面宽度超过35 m时, 道中地基融化深度趋于平稳; 相对于道中地基温度场, 道肩受道面宽度的影响较小, 当道面宽度超过25 m时, 其地基融化深度趋于平稳; 道中地基融化深度表达式相关系数为0.988 6, 相对误差在1%以内。Abstract: The temperature fields of airfield runway subgrade and road subgrade in the permafrost region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were compared. The subgrade temperature distributions, the temperature variations along depth, as well as the maximum melting depths of subgrades were analyzed. The subgrade temperature field characteristics of wide airfield runway of asphalt concrete pavement were studied. The subgrade temperature distributions, the subgrade temperature variations along depth at different times and the maximum melting depths of middle and shoulder of runway under different pavement width conditions were compared. The expression of subgrade melting depth of airfield runway of asphalt concrete pavement was obtained based on the pavement width and time. Analysis result indicates that there are obvious differences between the temperature fields of airfield runway subgrade and road subgrade in the permafrost region. The subgrade melt nuclear of airfield runway is lower in position, and it is all below the natural ground, as well as the subgrade melt nuclear of road is higher in position. The melt nuclears are all located in the embankment by raising the embankment, which facilitates the construction of temperature control measures like ventilation duct. It shows that because airfield runway has the characteristics like no embankment and wider pavement, the existing research results of road and railway construction in the permafrost region can not be fully applied to airfield runway construction. For the airfield runway permafrost subgrade of asphalt concrete pavement, as the width of pavement increases, the subgrade stability decreases. When the pavement width increases by 1%, the subgrade isotherm of 0 ℃ decreases by 0.17%, the highest temperature of subgrade melt nuclear increases by about 0.46%, and the subgrade melting depth of middle of runway increases by about 0.19%. But when the width of pavement exceeds 35 m, the subgrade melting depth of middle of runway tends to be stable. Compared with the temperature field of middle of runway subgrade, the shoulder is less affected by pavement width, when the width of pavement exceeds 25 m, its subgrade melting depth tends to be stable. The correlation coefficient of expression of subgrade melting depth of middle of runway is 0.988 6, and the relative error is less than 1%.
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图 1 机场跑道地基温度场模型(单位: m)
Figure 1. Model of airfield runway subgrade temperature field (unit: m)
图 3 1月机场跑道地基温度分布
Figure 3. Subgrade temperature distribution of airfield runway in Jan.
图 5 4月机场跑道地基温度分布
Figure 5. Subgrade temperature distribution of airfield runway in Apr.
图 7 8月机场跑道地基温度分布
Figure 7. Subgrade temperature distribution of airfield runway in Aug.
图 9 11月机场跑道地基温度分布
Figure 9. Subgrade temperature distribution of airfield runway in Nov.
图 27 模型1道中地基温度变化
Figure 27. Subgrade temperature changes of middle of runway of model 1
图 28 模型2道中地基温度变化
Figure 28. Subgrade temperature changes of middle of runway of model 2
图 29 模型3道中地基温度变化
Figure 29. Subgrade temperature changes of middle of runway of model 3
图 30 模型4道中地基温度变化
Figure 30. Subgrade temperature changes of middle of runway of model 4
图 31 模型5道中地基温度变化
Figure 31. Subgrade temperature changes of middle of runway of model 5
图 32 模型6道中地基温度变化
Figure 32. Subgrade temperature changes of middle of runway of model 6
图 33 模型7道中地基温度变化
Figure 33. Subgrade temperature changes of middle of runway of model 7
图 34 模型8道中地基温度变化
Figure 34. Subgrade temperature changes of middle of runway of model 8
图 35 模型9道中地基温度变化
Figure 35. Subgrade temperature changes of middle of runway of model 9
图 36 模型1道肩地基温度变化
Figure 36. Subgrade temperature changes of shoulder of runway of model 1
图 37 模型2道肩地基温度变化
Figure 37. Subgrade temperature changes of shoulder of runway of model 2
图 38 模型3道肩地基温度变化
Figure 38. Subgrade temperature changes of shoulder of runway of model 3
图 39 模型4道肩地基温度变化
Figure 39. Subgrade temperature changes of shoulder of runway of model 4
图 40 模型5道肩地基温度变化
Figure 40. Subgrade temperature changes of shoulder of runway of model 5
图 41 模型6道肩地基温度变化
Figure 41. Subgrade temperature changes of shoulder of runway of model 6
图 42 模型7道肩地基温度变化
Figure 42. Subgrade temperature changes of shoulder of runway of model 7
图 43 模型8道肩地基温度变化
Figure 43. Subgrade temperature changes of shoulder of runway of model 8
图 44 模型9道肩地基温度变化
Figure 44. Subgrade temperature changes of shoulder of runway of model 9
图 46 道中融深沿道面宽度的变化
Figure 46. Melting depth changes of middle of runway along pavement width
图 47 道肩融深沿道面宽度的变化
Figure 47. Melting depth changes of shoulder of runway along pavement width
表 1 A与ΔT取值
Table 1. Values of A and ΔT ℃
附面层参数 沥青面层 天然地面 公路左右边坡 A 15.15 11.50 14.50 ΔT 6.50 4.00 2.50 
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表 2 初始温度
Table 2. Initial temperatures
深度/m 温度/℃ 深度/m 温度/℃ 深度/m 温度/℃ 深度/m 温度/℃ 0.5 6.11 3.0 -1.57 5.5 -2.12 8.0 -2.25 1.0 2.62 3.5 -1.86 6.0 -2.10 8.5 -2.25 1.5 0.55 4.0 -2.03 6.5 -2.15 9.0 -2.00 2.0 -0.40 4.5 -2.03 7.0 -2.00 9.5 -2.25 2.5 -1.35 5.0 -2.09 7.5 -2.25 10.0 -2.00
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表 3 结构层物理参数
Table 3. Physical parameters of structure layers
结构层 材料 密度/ (kg·m-3) 比热容/ (J·kg-1·℃-1) 导热系数/ (W·m-1·℃-1) 基层 水泥稳定碎石 2 200 960 1.56 垫层 级配砂砾 2 000 1 100 1.68
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表 4 土的物理参数
Table 4. Physical parameters of soil
参数 砂砾与碎石土 含卵石中细沙 含砾亚黏土 强风化泥岩 干密度/ (kg·m-3) 1 800 1 700 1 300 1 500 初始含水量/% 25 30 30 30 融土骨架比热容/ (J·kg-1·℃-1) 790 840 840 840 冻土骨架比热容/ (J·kg-1·℃-1) 710 730 750 750 水的比热容/ (J·kg-1·℃-1) 4 182 4 182 4 182 4 182 冰的比热容/ (J·kg-1·℃-1) 2 090 2 090 2 090 2 090 融土导热系数/ (W·m-1·℃-1) 1.919 1.950 0.870 1.470 冻土导热系数/ (W·m-1·℃-1) 1.980 2.690 1.220 1.820 水分扩散系数/ (m2·s-1) 9.35×10-6 4.66×10-5 3.73×10-4 3.44×10-6 冻结温度/℃ -0.20 -0.10 -0.19 -0.05 水的冻结融化潜热/ (J·kg-1) 334 560 334 560 334 560 334 560 经验系数 0.610 0 0.732 5 0.574 0 0.473 5
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表 5 土的物理参数
Table 5. Physical parameters of soil
岩土名称 天然含水量/% 干密度/ (g·cm-3) 融土比热容/ (J·kg-1·℃-1) 冻土比热容/ (J·kg-1·℃-1) 融土导热系数/ (W·m-1·℃-1) 冻土导热系数/ (W·m-1·℃-1) 黏土 39.0 1.30 1 775.06 1 280.40 1.030 1.840 淤泥质黏土 42.7 1.24 1 839.28 1 302.05 1.010 1.831 粉质黏土 31.5 1.45 1 526.58 1 232.49 1.186 1.857
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表 6 道面宽度
Table 6. Widths of pavement m
模型 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 道面宽度 18 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
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