深水桥墩地震响应研究现状与展望

赵秋红; 李晨曦; 董硕

doi:10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2019.02.001

深水桥墩地震响应研究现状与展望

doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2019.02.001

赵秋红^{1, 2,},
李晨曦¹,
董硕¹

1.
天津大学建筑工程学院, 天津 300350
2.
天津大学滨海土木工程结构与安全教育部重点实验室, 天津 300350

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 51678406

详细信息

作者简介:
赵秋红(1975-), 女, 湖北宜昌人, 天津大学教授, 工学博士, 从事钢、组合结构高层建筑与桥梁抗震研究

中图分类号: U443.22
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-09-13
- 刊出日期: 2019-04-25

Research status and prospect of seismic response of deep-water bridge pier

1.
School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Coast Civil Structure Safety of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China

More Information

Author Bio:
ZHAO Qiu-hong (1975-), female, professor, PhD, qzhao@tju.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 分析了地震激励下水-深水桥墩动力相互作用, 总结了动水压力作用机理、地震动水压力的计算方法和水-结构动力相互作用分析方法, 研究了深水桥墩地震响应特征和影响因素以及水下振动台试验进展, 并对比了各国规范中动水压力计算方法。研究结果表明: 动水压力降低桥墩自振频率, 增大桥墩地震响应, 其影响在桥梁的抗震设计中不可忽略; 现有研究采用的桥墩形式较为简化和单一, 建议开展更多以桥墩体系、桥梁体系为对象的深水桥梁地震响应研究; 对于地震作用下动水压力计算, 目前各国规范多基于Morison方程, 但对其适用范围尚不明确, 应深入研究Morison方程的适用范围、修正方法与准确便捷的地震动水压力计算方法; 目前水下振动台试验大多集中在动水压力对桥梁下部墩桩地震响应的影响上, 响应大多在弹性范围内, 应进一步研究在大震作用下深水桥墩的非线性响应与破坏模式; 目前针对深水桥墩在地震和波浪联合作用下的动力响应研究较少, 应深入研究在地震、波浪、海流联合作用下深水桥墩与水的相互作用机理; 目前缺乏对全桥结构的地震响应研究, 应开展深水桥梁全桥分析与多子台水下振动台试验。
- 桥梁工程 /
- 深水桥墩 /
- 水-结构相互作用 /
- 地震响应 /
- 动水压力计算方法 /
- 水下振动台试验
Abstract: The dynamic interaction between deep water bridge piers and surrounding water under seismic excitation was analyzed. The mechanisms and calculation methods of hydrodynamic pressure and the analysis methods of water-structure dynamic interaction were summarized. The seismic response characteristics and the influence factors of deep-water bridge piers and the research progress of underwater shaking table test were studied. The calculation methods of hydrodynamic pressure in national standards were also discussed. Research result indicates that the influence of hydrodynamic pressure on the seismic response of bridge pier cannot be neglected in the seismic design of bridges, because it reduces the natural frequency of bridge pier and increases the seismic response of bridge pier. The forms of the bridge piers adopted in current research are simplified and limited. The seismic response of deep-water bridge based on the bridge pier system and bridge system should be studied. In terms of calculation of hydrodynamic pressure under seismicity, most of the current national standards are based on the Morison equation, but the application range is still unclear. It is necessary to carry out the in-depth study on application range of Morison equation and revised methods and to propose an accurate and convenient method for calculating hydrodynamic pressure under seismicity. Currently, the underwater shaking table tests mostly focus on the influence of hydrodynamic pressure on the seismic responses of bridge piers and piles, and the responses are mostly within the elastic range. The nonlinear responses and failure modes of deep-water bridge piers under severe seismicity should be studied. There are few studies on the dynamic responses of deep-water bridge piers under combined seismicity and wave action, and the interaction mechanisms between bridge piers and water under combined action of seismicity, wave and current should be researched out in depth. There is a lack of research on the seismic response of whole bridge structure. It is necessary to carry out whole deep-water bridges analysis and multi table underwater shaking table test.
- bridge engineering /
- deep-water bridge pier /
- water-structure interaction /
- seismic response /
- calculation method of hydrodynamic pressure /
- underwater shaking table test

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图 1 矩形截面桥墩动水压力分布规律

Figure 1. Hydrodynamic pressure distribution rule of rectangular bridge pier

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图 2 不同水深动水压力对桥墩地震响应的影响

Figure 2. Influence of hydrodynamic pressures at different water depths on seismic responses of bridge pier

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表 1 动水压力作用机理的适用范围

Table 1. Application range of hydrodynamic pressure action mechanism

d/l	h/d	黏性效应	惯性力效应	绕射效应
≤0.2	≤1.0	很小	显著	很小
≤0.2	> 1.0	显著	显著	很小
> 0.2	≤1.0	很小	显著	显著
> 0.2	> 1.0	波浪破碎

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表 2 水-结构相互作用的3类问题

Table 2. Three problems of water-structure interaction

问题类别	假定	作用机理	适用范围
横向小尺寸	结构的存在或运动不影响水的运动状态	主要考虑流体黏性效应引起的拖曳力与惯性力效应引起的惯性力	小尺寸墩柱地震动水压力与波浪力计算
辐射波浪	结构运动前水体保持静止	在某种激励下结构在水中运动, 在结构周围产生向外辐射的波。忽略流体的黏性效应	大尺寸墩柱的地震动水压力计算
绕射波浪	结构在入射波浪中保持静止	结构对入射波浪阻挡使其产生散射, 入射波与散射波叠加形成新的波浪场。主要考虑流体惯性力效应和绕射效应	大尺寸墩柱入射波浪力计算

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表 3 流固耦合有限元法比较

Table 3. Comparison of fluid-structure interaction FEMs

方法	原理	特点
拉格朗日法	流体、固体均采用拉格朗日法描述。流体域为不能承受剪切作用的弹性体, 以有限单元节点位移描述流体域	单元矩阵对称且正定, 但模拟大变形问题易出现单元扭曲
欧拉法	流体、固体分别采用欧拉法、拉格朗日法描述。采用不同位势函数描述流体波动, 流体采用位移单元离散	描述大变形时没有网格扭曲, 但流固网格相对运动使处理对流效应困难
任意拉格朗日-欧拉法	流固界面处吸收了拉格朗日法长处, 能够有效跟踪物质结构边界运动; 流场网格划分吸收了欧拉法长处, 流场网格单元独立于物质实体存在, 在求解过程中可根据定义的参数适当调整	控制网格速度, 减少变形体内部网格扭曲, 有利于分析大变形问题。

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表 4 深水桥墩地震响应试验研究

Table 4. Experimental research on seismic responses of deep-water bridge piers

学者	研究对象	模型材料	缩尺比例	研究内容与结果
赖伟等^{[1, 65]}	桩基础桥墩	有机玻璃	1/30	有水工况下的桥墩自振频率总体小于无水工况下, 即水体改变了结构水下部分受到的荷载
孙国帅等^[66-67]	墩身与基础	微粒混凝土与冷拉钢丝	1/32	对无水和有水工况下的试验结果对比发现2种工况下模型的传递函数与振型均不同, 构件的破坏集中在结点部位
Liu等^[53]	桥塔与基础	微粒混凝土与冷拉钢丝	1/100	对桥塔进行了地震、波浪、水流联合作用振动台试验, 发现桥塔与梁结点处易破坏, 地震作用导致的动水压力影响最大, 强震时波浪与水流导致动水压力可忽略
李悦等^[68]	高桩承台	微粒混凝土与钢管	1/50	有水工况下的模型加速度峰值均比无水工况下减小; 随着正弦波频率的增大, 水体对模型加速度峰值的影响不断增大
黄信^[36]	大直径桥墩	加重橡胶	1/50	动水压力减小桥墩结构自振频率, 而动力响应呈增大趋势; 水底柔性反射边界对地震动水压力的减幅并不明显
李乔等^[69]	圆形、矩形桥墩	仿真混凝土	1/50	圆形桥墩与矩形桥墩相比, 动水压力沿截面周边减小快, 其产生的阻力较小; 矩形桥墩产生的动水压力比圆形桥墩大, 随着水深的增大, 矩形桥墩动水压力增幅也较大
Ding等^[70]	矩形桥墩	加重橡胶	1/50	动水压力减小桥墩结构固有频率; 在单独地震作用下, 桥墩在水中的动力响应峰值大于无水工况; 波流作用对地震、波流联合作用下的桥墩动力响应的影响不可忽视
Li等^[71]	矩形桥墩	混凝土与加重橡胶	1/2	对原型模型以及分别基于协调相似律和传统附加质量法设计出的协调模型和常规模型进行水下振动台对比试验, 结果表明协调相似律能较好地再现原型的动力响应

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