Distributed dynamics characteristics of water-lubricated stern bearing under offset load
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摘要: 为了揭示偏载作用下大长径比水润滑尾轴承的流体动力学行为, 提出了分布式动力学特性参数测试方法; 在船舶大型推进轴系模拟试验台上, 以直径为324 mm、长度为1 200 mm的大尺寸水润滑尾轴承为试验对象, 在轴承上、沿轴线方向选取3个截面, 每个截面布置相互垂直的2个电涡流传感器, 以获取轴心轨迹; 在转轴上、沿轴线方向选取4个截面, 每个截面各布置1个微型压力传感器, 并随轴一起旋转, 采用无线遥测技术获取4个截面的全周水膜压力分布; 通过改变相邻轴承的标高来调整转轴倾斜程度, 研究了转速和标高对试验轴承水膜压力分布和轴颈运行状态的影响规律。研究结果表明: 偏载导致离悬臂端最近的截面压力测试值明显大于其他截面, 最大值约为3.6 MPa; 轴承的润滑状态沿轴向呈现分区特性, 越靠近悬臂端, 弹流润滑特征越明显, 且不同的轴承分段需要不同的速度来产生动压水膜; 离悬臂端最近的截面压力曲线顶部的“水囊”随转速升高而出现, 但在220 r·min-1时变得不明显, 各截面压力分布出现明显的负压现象; 轴颈在轴承孔中的空间形态较复杂, 在轴承两侧严重下弯, 在中部拱起, 并且不同轴承截面的偏位角不同, 离悬臂端越远, 轴心轨迹面积越大。可见, 与具有单一润滑状态和直线轴颈的滑动轴承相比, 偏载下大长径比水润滑尾轴承的流体动力学模型应考虑轴向润滑状态分区、弯曲轴颈和负压等因素。Abstract: In order to reveal the hydrodynamics behavior of water-lubricated stern bearing with a large length-diameter ratio under offset load, a test method of distributed dynamics characteristics parameters was proposed. A large-size water-lubricated stern bearing with a diameter of 324 mm and a length of 1 200 mm was tested on a large-scale propulsion shafting simulation test stand. Three cross sections of the bearing were selected along the axis direction, and two eddy current sensors perpendicular to each other were arranged on each cross section to obtain the axis orbits. At the same time, four cross sections of the shaft were selected along the axis direction and each section installed with a micro pressure sensor, respectively, and the signals of water film pressure distributions of the sections were obtained by the wireless telemetry. The inclined angle of the axis was adjusted by changing the elevation of the adjacent bearing, and the influence rules of rotation speed and elevation on the water film pressure distribution and running state of journal of test bearing were studied. Research result shows that the pressure test value of the section closest to the cantilever end due to the offset load is obviously larger than that of other sections, and the maximum value is about 3.6 MPa. The lubrication state of the bearing is partitioned along the axial direction, and the closer to the cantilever end, the more obvious the elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics. Different bearing segments need different speeds to generate hydrodynamic water film. The "water pocket" at the top of pressure curve of the section closest to the cantilever end appears with the increase of the rotating speed, but it is not obvious at 220 r·min-1. The negative pressure phenomenon appears in the pressure distribution of each section. The spatial form of the journal in the bearing hole is relatively complex. The journal severely bends down on both sides of the bearing and arches in the middle, and the deflection angles of different bearing sections are different. The farther away from the cantilever end, the larger the axis orbit area. Compared with the bearing with a single lubrication state and a straight journal, the hydrodynamics model of water-lubricated stern bearing with large length-diameter ratio under offset load should take into account the factors, such as the zoning characteristics of lubrication state, the bending state of the shaft and the negative pressure phenomenon.
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图 8 轴承截面最大水膜压力对比
Figure 8. Comparison of maximum water film pressures of bearing sections
图 9 不同转速下轴承截面水膜压力分布
Figure 9. Water film pressure distributions of bearing sections at different rotational speeds
图 10 不同标高下轴承截面的水膜压力分布
Figure 10. Water film pressure distributions of bearing sections at different elevations
图 11 转速为165 r·min-1时轴承截面的轴心轨迹
Figure 11. Axis orbits of bearing sections when rotating speed is 165 r·min-1
图 12 不同转速下轴承截面轴心轨迹
Figure 12. Axis orbits of bearing sections at different rotating speeds
表 1 试验轴承主要参数
Table 1. Main parameters of test bearing
参数 取值 内直径/mm 324 轴承长度/mm 1 200 水槽半径/mm 94.5 水槽数量 2 槽心距/mm 79.5 内衬厚度/mm 39.84 内衬厚度(槽处) /mm 7.92 
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