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摘要: 选取具有典型流态化货物特征的红土镍矿、高岭土与红砂土进行了临界含水率和流态化试验, 测定了其临界含水率; 利用激励横摇装置开展了不同激励幅值与频率的激励横摇运动试验, 对比了3种不同货物在不同含水率下倾覆力和力矩的时历特性; 设计了倾覆机理试验, 选择临界含水率红土镍矿作为试验样本, 在波浪水槽中造波激励舱段横摇运动, 再现了红土镍矿运输船舶的倾覆过程, 利用高速摄像机记录了自由液面变化情况, 通过图像处理技术对自由液面进行分割, 根据自由液面情况分析了红土镍矿运输船舶倾覆过程中舱段的浮心和重心变化。试验结果表明: 红土镍矿、红砂土、高岭土的临界含水率分别为33.6%、22.0%、39.4%;对于具有不同性质的土, 在相同激励条件下, 晃荡力与力矩呈现出不同的性质; 当相位差为90°与270°时, 不对称力矩较相位差为0°与180°时增大4.37倍; 红土镍矿运输船舶倾覆主要原因为流态化货物晃荡导致横摇力矩增大、动稳性降低而发生倾覆, 同时, 晃荡力矩与货物性质、激励周期、黏性、激励幅值等多种因素有关。Abstract: The laterite-nickel ore, kaolin and red sand soil with the characteristics of fluidization typical cargoes were selected to conduct the critical water content test and fluidization test, and the critical water content rate was obtained. Using the excitation rolling device, the excitation rolling motion experiments with different excitation amplitudes and frequencies were carried out. The time history characteristics of overturning force and moment of three different cargoes under different water content rates were compared. Capsizing mechanism test was designed, the laterite-nickel ore with critical water content rate was chose as a sample, and the waves were generated in wave tank to excite rolling motion so as to recreate the capsizing process of the laterite-nickel ore transport ship. The high-speed camera was used to catch the variation of free liquid surface. The free liquid surface was segmented by using the digital processing technology. The changes of floating center and barycenter of laterite-nickel ore transport ship during the capsizing process were also discussed based on the free liquid surface's condition. Analysis result shows that the critical water content rates of the laterite-nickel ore, red sand soil and kaolin are 33.6%, 22.0% and 39.4%, respectively. The sloshing force and moment of soils with different natures show different properties even though their excitation conditions are the same. When the phase differences are 90° and 270°, the asymmetric moment increases 4.37 times as much as that when the phase differences are 0° and 180°. The main reason for the capsizing of laterite-nickel ore transport ship is that the liquid cargo's sloshing results in that the rolling moment increases and the dynamic stability decreases. At the same time, the sloshing moment is related to the nature of goods, period of excitation, viscosity, amplitude of incentive and many other factors.
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图 9 红土镍矿随含水率状态变化
Figure 9. State change of laterite-nickel ore with water content rate
图 12 不同工况下高岭土横摇角与晃荡力矩曲线
Figure 12. Curves of rolling angle and sloshing moment of kaolin under different conditions
图 13 A1组不同幅值下横摇角与晃荡力矩曲线
Figure 13. Curves of rolling angle and sloshing moment under different amplitudes in group A1
图 14 B1组不同幅值下横摇角与晃荡力矩曲线
Figure 14. Curves of rolling angle and sloshing moment under different amplitudes in group B1
图 15 A2组不同含水率红砂土横摇角与晃荡力矩曲线
Figure 15. Curves of rolling angle and sloshing moment of red sand soils with different water content rates in group A2
图 16 B2组不同含水率红土镍矿横摇角与晃荡力矩曲线
Figure 16. Curves of rolling angle and sloshing moment of laterite-nickel ores with different water content rates in group B2
图 17 C组高岭土横摇角与晃荡力矩曲线
Figure 17. Curves of rolling angle and sloshing moment of kaolin in group C
图 18 不同流态横摇角与晃荡力矩曲线
Figure 18. Rolling angle and sloshing moment curves of different fluidization
图 21 红土镍矿晃荡后流态变化
Figure 21. Changing of fluidization of laterite-nickel ore after sloshing
表 1 实船与模型舱段主尺度参数
Table 1. Principal dimension parameters of real ship and test cabin segment
参数 实船 模型 舱长/m 0.60 型宽/m 32.30 0.49 设计吃水/m 12.60 0.27 顶板倒角/ (°) 30 30 底板倒角/ (°) 45 45 重心距基线高度/m 12.65 0.19 镍矿距内底板高/m 8.00 0.12 
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表 2 试验工况
Table 2. Test conditions
参数 Ⅰ号土 Ⅱ号土 Ⅲ号土 水 激励周期/s 12.00、10.00、5.00、3.00、2.00、1.57、1.00 12.00、10.00、5.00、3.00、2.00、1.57、1.00 12.00、10.00、5.00、3.00、2.00、1.57、1.00 12.00、10.00、5.00、3.00、2.00、1.57、1.00 含水率/% 3、32、35、40 20、22、25、30、40 25、30、35、40、42 100 横摇幅值/ (°) 10、7 10、7 10、7 10、7
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