Impact of air flow characteristics underneath carbody on snow accumulation in bogie region of high-speed train
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摘要: 针对高速列车转向架区域的积雪问题, 建立了包含精细化转向架的列车空气动力学模型; 采用分离涡模拟方法, 对运行速度为350 km·h-1的高速列车周围空气流场进行了模拟, 分析了空气流场特性对车底与转向架区域雪粒输运的影响; 提取了涡核线, 研究了转向架区域的涡流特征与雪粒输运的关系。研究结果表明: 车底气流主要由前后轮对后部向上翻转进入转向架区域, 绕轮轴形成旋转气流; 转向架底部区域涡量大于1 000 s-1, 涡流基本为纵向; 转向架顶部区域涡量小于200 s-1, 涡流基本为纵向; 转向架轮对与前后端墙的空隙处涡流多为竖向, 且后部轮对处的涡量较前部轮对处大5倍以上; 转向架内部区域涡量小于200 s-1, 涡流走向杂乱; 涡流的尺度、强度与走向特性反映出进入转向架区域的气流具有较强的挟带雪粒的能力, 而流出转向架的气流挟带雪粒的能力较弱; 头车下部区域负压较大, 车底与裙板两侧存在强度较大的涡流, 易卷起轨道积雪形成雪烟; 除头车外, 车底与转向架表面绝大部分区域壁面剪切应力小于1 Pa, 对应的摩擦风速小于0.9 m·s-1, 沉积的雪粒不易被内部气流剪切走。Abstract: Aiming at the problem of snow accumulation around the bogie region of high-speed train, the aerodynamics model of the train including refined bogie was established. The detached-eddy simulation was used to simulate the air flow field around the high-speed train at the running speed of 350 km·h-1. The influence of air flow field characteristics on the snow particle transport in the vehicle bottom and bogie region was analyzed. The vortex core lines were extracted, and the relationship between the vortex characteristics of the bogie region and the snow particle transport was studied. Analysis result shows that the underneath air flow is mainly turned upside down from the front and rear wheelsets into the bogie region, forming a swirling air flow around axle. The vorticity in the bottom of bogie region is large than 1 000 s-1, and the vortexes are basically longitudinal. The vorticity in the top of bogie region is less than 200 s-1, and the vortexes are basically longitudinal. The vortexes in the gap between the bogie wheelset and the front/rear end walls are mostly vertical. The vorticity around the back wheelset is more than 5 times larger than that around the front wheelset. The vorticity in the interior region of bogie is less than 200 s-1, and the vortexes are chaotic. The scale, strength and direction characteristics of the vortex reflect that the air flow entering the bogie region has a relative strong ability to carry snow particles, while the outflow of bogie has weaker ability to carry snow particles. The negative pressure in the lower part of head car is large, and there are strong vortexes on both sides of the vehicle bottom and the skirt, which makes it easy to roll up the snow on the track to form snow smoke. Except for head car, the shear stress on the vehicle bottom and the bogie is less than 1 Pa in most areas, and the corresponding frictional wind speed is less than 0.9 m·s-1. The deposited snow particles are difficulty sheared by the internal air flow.
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图 15 列车周围Q等值面(Q=100 s-2, t=1.0 s)
Figure 15. Iso-surfaces of Q around train (Q=100 s-2, t=1.0 s)
图 16 列车周围Q等值面(Q=5 000 s-2, t=1.0 s)
Figure 16. Iso-surfaces of Q around train (Q=5 000 s-2, t=1.0 s)
图 17 不同高度水平截面涡量分布
Figure 17. Vorticity distributions on horizontal sections at different heights
图 20 车体与转向架壁面剪切应力(t=1.0 s)
Figure 20. Wall shear stresses of carbody and bogies (t=1.0 s)
表 1 转向架周围不同风速区间的空间体积
Table 1. Spatial volumes in different wind speed ranges around bogies
m3 转向架 0~5 m·s-1 5~10 m·s-1 10~15 m·s-1 15~20 m·s-1 b1 1.056 1.999 1.730 1.068 b2 1.761 3.041 1.610 0.854 b3 1.545 2.563 1.609 1.033 b4 2.584 2.540 1.140 0.907 b5 2.051 2.375 1.704 1.301 b6 2.216 3.018 1.345 0.711 
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