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摘要: 实测了城市轨道交通简支箱梁各板件的振动与近场噪声, 结合板件声辐射理论研究了箱梁结构振动辐射噪声和箱梁振动的关系; 基于箱梁结构噪声易产生绕射的低频特性, 计算了矩形混凝土板件在不同开孔工况下辐射的结构噪声变化情况; 在考虑箱梁腹板开孔的基础上建立了车辆-轨道-箱梁耦合有限元模型和箱梁振动-结构噪声有限元-无限元模型, 分析了箱梁腹板开孔前后各板件的振动和结构辐射噪声变化情况。研究结果表明: 箱梁板件声辐射效率随频率的增加并不呈现线性关系, 箱梁各板件近场低频(低于250 Hz) 辐射噪声与结构振动加速度级也并非简单的线性关系, 箱梁辐射噪声由箱梁振动和箱梁各板件声辐射效率共同决定; 对于两端简支的开孔板件, 在开孔率基本一致(0.4%左右) 的情况下, 开孔直径越小, 板件振动辐射噪声声压级越小; 采用有限元-无限元方法模拟箱梁近场低频结构噪声, 既能解决单独采用有限元法时声场边界反射的影响, 也避免了采用有限元-边界元方法时多软件交叉使用的不便; 腹板开孔虽然增加了箱梁板件在某些频率(100~125 Hz) 处的振动响应, 但由于箱梁内、外部声场连通, 使得声短路效应增加, 降低了板件的声辐射效率和相应频段的噪声; 腹板开孔后在1~250 Hz频段内顶板、底板和腹板附近的总声压级分别降低了9.43、2.74和1.63 dB, 从而使箱梁结构噪声得到了控制。Abstract: The vibration and near field noise of each plate of a simply-supported box girder in the urban rail transit were measured, and the relationship between the vibration radiation noise of box girder structure and the box girder vibration was studied by combining with the acoustic radiation theory of plate. Based on the low-frequency characteristics of easily generating diffraction of box girder structure noise, the structure noise change situations of rectangular concrete plates under different opening conditions were calculated. On the basis of considering the web holes of box girder, the vehicle-track-box girder coupled finite element model and the box girder vibration-structure noise finite element-infinite element model were built. The vibration and structure radiation noise change situations of each plate before and after the opening of box girder web were analyzed. Research result shows that the acoustic radiation efficiency of box girder plate does not show a linear relationship with the increase of frequency. The near field low-frequency (less than 250 Hz) radiation noise of each box girder plate is not a simple linear relationship with the structure vibration acceleration level. The noise radiated by the box girder is determined by the vibration of box girder and the acoustic radiation efficiency of each box girder plate together. For an opening plate simply supported at both ends, when the opening ratio is basically the same (about 0.4%), the smaller the diameter of opening hole, the smaller the sound pressure level of plate vibration radiation noise is. Using the finite element-infinite element method to simulate the near field low-frequency noise of box girder structure can solve the influence of sound field boundary when using the finite element method only, and can avoid the inconvenience caused by the cross-use of multi-software in the finite element-boundary element method. Although the web hole increases the vibration response of box girder plate at some frequencies (100-125 Hz), the acoustic radiation efficiency of plate and the noise in corresponding frequency band range reduces, due to the connection of inside and external sound fields of box girder increasing the acoustic short circuit effect. After the opening of web, the total sound pressure levels near the top plate, bottom plate and web plate in the frequency band of 1-250 Hz reduce by 9.43, 2.74 and 1.63 dB, respectively. Thus, the box girder structure noise is controlled.
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图 6 不同开孔板件辐射声压级对比
Figure 6. Comparison of radiation sound pressure levels for different opening plates
图 7 板件开孔前后辐射声压对比
Figure 7. Comparison of radiation sound pressures before and after opening of plates
图 13 底板中点垂向振动加速度频谱
Figure 13. Vertical vibration acceleration spectrums of bottom plate midpoint
表 1 板件开孔参数
Table 1. Opening parameters of plates
开孔板编号 孔直径/m 孔间距/m 开孔率/% 1 0.2 2 0.37 2 0.3 5 0.36 3 0.4 7 0.42 
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表 2 连接单元参数
Table 2. Connection units parameters
部件 垂向刚度/ (N·m-1) 垂向阻尼/ (N·s·m-1) 扣件 5.00×107 1.00×104 箱梁支座 1.26×109 2.04×105
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表 3 开孔前后箱梁板件近场噪声声压级(1~250 Hz)
Table 3. Sound pressure levels of near field noise of box girder plates before and after opening (1-250 Hz) dB
部位 开孔前 开孔后 降低量 顶板 104.02 94.59 9.43 底板 99.11 96.37 2.74 腹板 97.71 96.08 1.63
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