High and low temperature characteristics of rubber component dynamic parameters of a bogie
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摘要: 针对高速列车转向架悬挂系统中的弹性橡胶件, 为掌握其非线性刚度和阻尼系数的频变、幅变和温变特性, 开展动态参数的高低温(-60℃~60℃) 特性试验, 阐述了橡胶件参数动态特性的试验方法, 对轴箱叠层橡胶弹簧和转臂定位橡胶节点进行轴向、径向的静态和动态测试, 根据载荷-挠度滞回曲线计算刚度和阻尼系数。试验结果表明: 常温23℃工况下, 橡胶件的刚度和阻尼系数仅表现出频变、幅变特性, 参数变化量却与环境温度强相关; 相比于常温23℃工况, -60℃极低温环境下的橡胶件刚度和阻尼系数均显著增大, 激振位移为0.50 mm时刚度增加1倍以上, 阻尼系数增加4~6倍, 并且激振频率越高两者增幅越显著; 60℃高温环境下, 相比23℃橡胶件刚度仅降低约5%, 阻尼系数仅降低约25%, 并且高温环境下橡胶件的频变和幅变非线性减弱; 低温引起车辆悬挂系统动态刚度和阻尼系数变化, 进而造成车辆动力学性能指标变化, 相比于常温, -40℃工况下运行安全性指标如脱轨系数增大约5%, 车体振动加速度显著增大约17%。Abstract: For the rubber components in bogie suspension of a high-speed train, in order to master the frequency-dependent, amplitude-dependent and temperature-dependent characteristics of nonlinear stiffness and damping coefficient, the high and low temperature characteristic tests of dynamic parameters were conducted. The test method for dynamic characteristic of rubber components parameters was introduced. Both the static and dynamic tests at axial and radial directions were performed for the layer rubber spring mounted on axle box and the rubber joint mounted on the swing-arm. The stiffness and damping coefficient were calculated through the load-deflection hysteresis curve. Test result shows that under the normal ambient temperature of 23 ℃, the stiffness and damping coefficient of rubber components only show frequency-dependent and amplitude-dependent characteristics, but their changes are strongly dependent on the temperature. Compared with the normal ambient temperature of 23 ℃, the stiffness and damping coefficient of the rubber components rise significantly under extremely low temperature environment of-60 ℃. In the case of an excitation displacement of 0.50 mm, the stiffness increases by more than 1 times, and the damping coefficient increases by 4-6 times. The higher the excitation frequency, the greater the increasing rate of stiffness and damping coefficient. In case of high temperature environment of 60 ℃, the stiffness and damping coefficient decrease only 5% and 25%, respectively, with respect to that at 23 ℃. The frequency-dependent and amplitude-dependent of rubber components are nonlinear weakened under high temperature environment. Low temperature causes the change of stiffness and damping coefficient of vehicle suspension system, which in turn affects the vehicle dynamics behaviour. With respect to that at ambient temperature, the running safety index like derailment coefficient increases slightly about 5%, whereas the car body vibration accelerations significantly rise around 17%.
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图 5 轴箱叠层橡胶弹簧动态参数测试台
1.基座; 2.承载台; 3.下方叠层弹簧; 4、5.横向加载连接; 6.上方叠层弹簧; 7.横向固定装置; 8.垂向加载连接
Figure 5. Dynamic parameter test bench for layer rubber spring mounted on axle box
图 9 静态刚度的温变特性曲线
Figure 9. Temperature-dependent characteristic curves of static stiffness
图 12 径向刚度和阻尼系数的非线性特性
Figure 12. Nonlinear characteristics of radial stiffness and damping coefficient
表 1 静态刚度的高低温特性
Table 1. High and low temperature characteristics of static stiffness
方向 加载速度/ (mm·min-1) 23 ℃刚度/ (MN·m-1) -60 ℃刚度增长率/% 60 ℃刚度降低率/% 轴向 0.5~10.0 3.8 15 1 0.5~20.0 3.9 18 1 2.0~10.0 3.2 11 1 2.0~20.0 3.3 11 1 径向 0.5~10.0 1.4 16 11 0.5~20.0 1.5 16 10 2.0~10.0 1.2 18 9 2.0~20.0 1.2 19 8 
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表 2 轴向动态刚度的高低温特性
Table 2. High and low temperature characteristics of axial dynamic stiffness
加载工况 23 ℃刚度/ (MN·m-1) -60 ℃刚度增长率/% 60 ℃刚度降低率/% 幅值/mm 频率/Hz 0.50 1.0 4.1 160 17 0.50 2.0 4.1 193 17 0.50 6.0 4.1 265 16 0.50 12.0 4.1 313 22 1.00 1.0 3.8 79 11 1.00 2.0 3.9 94 12 1.00 6.0 3.9 130 13 1.00 12.0 3.7 163 16
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表 3 径向动态刚度的高低温特性
Table 3. High and low temperature characteristics of radial dynamic stiffness
加载工况 23 ℃刚度/ (MN·m-1) -60 ℃刚度增长率/% 60 ℃刚度降低率/% 幅值/mm 频率/Hz 0.50 1.0 1.6 209 13 0.50 2.0 1.7 233 12 0.50 6.0 1.7 268 14 0.50 12.0 1.7 308 13 1.00 1.0 1.5 127 12 1.00 2.0 1.6 143 12 1.00 6.0 1.6 175 13 1.00 12.0 1.6 206 13
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表 4 轴向动态阻尼系数的高低温特性
Table 4. High and low temperature characteristics of axial dynamic damping coefficient
加载工况 23 ℃阻尼系数/ (kN·s·m-1) -60 ℃阻尼系数增长率/% 60 ℃阻尼系数降低率/% 幅值/mm 频率/Hz 0.5 1.0 96.0 542 71 0.50 2.0 50.1 637 71 0.50 6.0 17.2 841 67 0.50 12.0 9.3 905 66 1.00 1.0 71.5 330 60 1.00 2.0 37.6 402 59 1.00 6.0 13.7 529 58 1.00 12.0 7.6 607 57
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表 5 径向动态阻尼系数的高低温特性
Table 5. High and low temperature characteristics of radial dynamic damping coefficient
加载工况 23 ℃阻尼系数/ (kN·s·m-1) -60 ℃阻尼系数增长率/% 60 ℃阻尼系数降低率/% 幅值/mm 频率/Hz 0.50 1.0 25.3 750 33 0.50 2.0 13.6 810 32 0.50 6.0 5.5 862 31 0.50 12.0 3.5 820 37 1.00 1.0 26.5 472 29 1.00 2.0 14.4 513 29 1.00 6.0 5.8 555 31 1.00 12.0 3.4 591 29
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表 6 动态刚度的高低温特性
Table 6. High and low temperature characteristics of dynamic stiffness
加载工况 23 ℃刚度/ (MN·m-1) -60 ℃刚度增长率/% 60 ℃刚度降低率/% 幅值/mm 频率/Hz 0.50 1.0 19.6 71 5 0.50 2.0 19.8 83 5 0.50 6.0 20.1 104 5 0.50 12.0 20.3 113 6 1.00 1.0 18.3 28 4 1.00 2.0 18.5 33 5 1.00 6.0 18.7 40 5 1.00 12.0 18.9 41 6
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表 7 动态阻尼的高低温特性
Table 7. High and low temperature characteristics of dynamic damping
加载工况 23 ℃阻尼系数/ (kN·s·m-1) -60 ℃阻尼系数增长率/% 60 ℃阻尼系数降低率/% 幅值/mm 频率/Hz 0.50 1.0 264.6 436 25 0.50 2.0 139.8 487 25 0.50 6.0 51.9 542 27 0.50 12.0 25.9 568 25 1.00 1.0 230.0 223 24 1.00 2.0 120.4 263 24 1.00 6.0 45.1 302 25 1.00 12.0 22.3 315 26
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