Operational benefit evaluation model of flexible parking incentive mechanism based on game theory
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摘要: 分析了在停车机制作用下小汽车出行者与停车场管理方之间的动态博弈过程, 研究了出行者竞价行为与个体出行成本、停车激励强度之间的数量关系, 构建了面向弹性停车激励机制的运营效益评估模型; 应用敏感性分析方法探究多种影响因素对弹性停车激励机制运营效益的作用, 并以美国加州大学伯克利分校为例进行了实证研究。研究结果表明: 弹性停车激励机制不仅能保障停车场日常运营的可持续, 还可以促进停车泊位的共享; 在经济效益方面, 弹性停车激励机制能通过激励强度的变化调整泊位的回收数, 当最大激励强度从15美元增至30美元时, 回收泊位数将从17个减小到8个, 说明该机制能通过有选择地拒绝高价泊位来确保停车场的经济效益; 随着可接受最小激励强度人数比例的提升, 泊位回收的边际效益将增大, 当该比例从5%提升至55%时, 泊位回收边际效益将由每个14.4美元增至每个17.3美元, 说明随着参与竞价人数的增多, 停车场经济效益逐步提升; 在社会效益方面, 实施该机制将有利于释放停车场的泊位资源, 如其日周转率将会有约9%的降幅, 最小空置率会呈现出0~8%的不均衡涨幅, 说明该机制能有效促进出行者主动共享停车泊位。Abstract: The dynamic game process between car travelers and parking managers under the parking mechanism was analyzed. The quantitative relationships between the travelers' bidding behavior, individual travel cost and parking incentive intensity were studied. The operational benefit evaluation model for the flexible parking incentive mechanism was conducted. The sensitivity analysis method was used to explore the effects of various factors on the operational efficiency of flexible parking incentive mechanism, and an empirical study of the University of California, Berkeley was carried out. Analysis result shows that the flexible parking incentive mechanism can not only ensure the sustainability of daily operation of parking lot, but also promote the sharing of parking berths. In terms of economic benefit, the flexible parking incentive mechanism can adjust the number of reclaimed berths through the change of incentive intensity. When the maximum incentive intensity increases from $15 to $30, the number of reclaimed berths reduces from 17 to 8, showing that the mechanism can ensure the economic benefits of parking lot by selectively rejecting the high price berths. As the proportion of people who can accept the minimum incentive increases, the marginal benefit of reclaimed berth will increase. When the proportion increases from 5% to 55%, the marginal benefit increases from $14.4 per berth to $17.3 per berth, showing that with the increase of the number of bidders, the economic benefit of parking lot improves gradually. In terms of social efficiency, the implementation of flexible parking incentive mechanism can help to release the parking berth resources. For example, the daily velocity rate will decrease by about 9%, and the minimum vacancy rate will show an unbalanced increase of 0-8%, showing that the mechanism can effectively promote the travelers to share the parking berths actively.
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图 6 不同最大激励强度下的经济效益
Figure 6. Economic benefits under different maximum incentive intensities
图 7 弹性停车激励机制运营经济效益
Figure 7. Operating economic benefit of flexible parking incentive mechanism
图 9 机制实施前后的泊位日周转率
Figure 9. Berth daily turnover rates before and after mechanism implement
图 10 机制实施前后的泊位最小空置率
Figure 10. Minimum berth vacancy rates before and after mechanism implement
表 1 其他模型参数
Table 1. Other model parameters
参数名称 取值 参与弹性停车激励机制的总人数 216 最小激励强度/美元 0 最大激励强度/美元 15~30 竞价时段数 最大为13 爽约惩罚金额/美元 5~10 爽约人数比例 0.05~0.20 泊位转租收益/美元 20 可接受最小激励强度的人数比例 0.05~0.55 没有使用停车权的人数比例 0.05 
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表 2 不同爽约人数比例下的经济效益
Table 2. Economic benefits under different proportions of defaults
爽约人数比例/% 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 经济效益/美元 241.68 252.31 262.95 273.56 248.18 294.81 305.43
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表 3 不同爽约惩罚金额下的经济效益
Table 3. Economic benefits under different punishemnt amounts of default
爽约惩罚金额/美元 5 6 7 8 9 10 经济效益/美元 241.68 242.53 243.38 244.23 245.08 245.94
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