Operational benefit evaluation model of flexible parking incentive mechanism based on game theory
-
摘要: 分析了在停车机制作用下小汽车出行者与停车场管理方之间的动态博弈过程, 研究了出行者竞价行为与个体出行成本、停车激励强度之间的数量关系, 构建了面向弹性停车激励机制的运营效益评估模型; 应用敏感性分析方法探究多种影响因素对弹性停车激励机制运营效益的作用, 并以美国加州大学伯克利分校为例进行了实证研究。研究结果表明: 弹性停车激励机制不仅能保障停车场日常运营的可持续, 还可以促进停车泊位的共享; 在经济效益方面, 弹性停车激励机制能通过激励强度的变化调整泊位的回收数, 当最大激励强度从15美元增至30美元时, 回收泊位数将从17个减小到8个, 说明该机制能通过有选择地拒绝高价泊位来确保停车场的经济效益; 随着可接受最小激励强度人数比例的提升, 泊位回收的边际效益将增大, 当该比例从5%提升至55%时, 泊位回收边际效益将由每个14.4美元增至每个17.3美元, 说明随着参与竞价人数的增多, 停车场经济效益逐步提升; 在社会效益方面, 实施该机制将有利于释放停车场的泊位资源, 如其日周转率将会有约9%的降幅, 最小空置率会呈现出0~8%的不均衡涨幅, 说明该机制能有效促进出行者主动共享停车泊位。Abstract: The dynamic game process between car travelers and parking managers under the parking mechanism was analyzed. The quantitative relationships between the travelers' bidding behavior, individual travel cost and parking incentive intensity were studied. The operational benefit evaluation model for the flexible parking incentive mechanism was conducted. The sensitivity analysis method was used to explore the effects of various factors on the operational efficiency of flexible parking incentive mechanism, and an empirical study of the University of California, Berkeley was carried out. Analysis result shows that the flexible parking incentive mechanism can not only ensure the sustainability of daily operation of parking lot, but also promote the sharing of parking berths. In terms of economic benefit, the flexible parking incentive mechanism can adjust the number of reclaimed berths through the change of incentive intensity. When the maximum incentive intensity increases from $15 to $30, the number of reclaimed berths reduces from 17 to 8, showing that the mechanism can ensure the economic benefits of parking lot by selectively rejecting the high price berths. As the proportion of people who can accept the minimum incentive increases, the marginal benefit of reclaimed berth will increase. When the proportion increases from 5% to 55%, the marginal benefit increases from $14.4 per berth to $17.3 per berth, showing that with the increase of the number of bidders, the economic benefit of parking lot improves gradually. In terms of social efficiency, the implementation of flexible parking incentive mechanism can help to release the parking berth resources. For example, the daily velocity rate will decrease by about 9%, and the minimum vacancy rate will show an unbalanced increase of 0-8%, showing that the mechanism can effectively promote the travelers to share the parking berths actively.
-
图 6 不同最大激励强度下的经济效益
Figure 6. Economic benefits under different maximum incentive intensities
图 7 弹性停车激励机制运营经济效益
Figure 7. Operating economic benefit of flexible parking incentive mechanism
图 9 机制实施前后的泊位日周转率
Figure 9. Berth daily turnover rates before and after mechanism implement
图 10 机制实施前后的泊位最小空置率
Figure 10. Minimum berth vacancy rates before and after mechanism implement
表 1 其他模型参数
Table 1. Other model parameters
参数名称 取值 参与弹性停车激励机制的总人数 216 最小激励强度/美元 0 最大激励强度/美元 15~30 竞价时段数 最大为13 爽约惩罚金额/美元 5~10 爽约人数比例 0.05~0.20 泊位转租收益/美元 20 可接受最小激励强度的人数比例 0.05~0.55 没有使用停车权的人数比例 0.05 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 不同爽约人数比例下的经济效益
Table 2. Economic benefits under different proportions of defaults
爽约人数比例/% 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 经济效益/美元 241.68 252.31 262.95 273.56 248.18 294.81 305.43
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 不同爽约惩罚金额下的经济效益
Table 3. Economic benefits under different punishemnt amounts of default
爽约惩罚金额/美元 5 6 7 8 9 10 经济效益/美元 241.68 242.53 243.38 244.23 245.08 245.94
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 姚恩建, 张正超, 张嘉霖, 等. 居住区共享泊位资源优化配置模型及算法[J]. 交通运输系统工程与信息, 2017, 17 (2): 160-167.YAO En-jian, ZHANG Zheng-chao, ZHANG Jia-lin, et al. A model and algorithm for optimization of the utilization of residential shared parking slots[J]. Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, 2017, 17 (2): 160-167. (in Chinese). [2] 王建军, 金书鑫, 李维佳, 等. 多方综合效益最大化的社会公共停车场停车收费定价方法[J]. 交通运输工程学报, 2017, 17 (2): 126-135. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1637.2017.02.014WANG Jian-jun, JIN Shu-xin, LI Wei-jia, et al. Parking pricing method of public parking lots based on multi-aspect comprehensive benefit maximization[J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2017, 17 (2): 126-135. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1637.2017.02.014 [3] LEE R, REES R, WATTEN M. Smart growth parking requirements review[J]. Institute of Transportation Engineers, 2010, 80 (12): 36-40. [4] LALANI N. Evaluating shared parking for new developments[J]. Public Works, 1984, 115 (2): 64. [5] STEIN H S, RESHA J. Shared parking in the Portland metropolitan area[R]. Beaverton: Stein Engineering, 1999. [6] ABBOTT N T, BIGAZZI A Y. Utilizing shared parking to mitigate imbalanced supply in a dense urban neighborhood: case study in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada[J]. Transportation Research Record, 2017, 2651 (1): 92-100. doi: 10.3141/2651-10 [7] KELLY J A, CLINCH J P. Temporal variance of revealed preference on-street parking price elasticity[J]. Transport Policy, 2009, 16 (4): 193-199. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2009.06.001 [8] OTTOSSON D B, CHEN C, WANG T T, et al. The sensitivity of on-street parking demand in response to price changes: a case study in Seattle, WA[J]. Transport Policy, 2013, 25: 222-232. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.11.013 [9] PIERCE G, SHOUP D. Getting the prices right: an evaluation of pricing parking by demand in San Francisco[R]. Berkeley: University of California Transportation Center, 2013. [10] PIERCE G, WILLSON H, SHOUP D. Optimizing the use of public garages: Pricing parking by demand[J]. Transport Policy, 2015, 44: 89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.07.003 [11] MILLARD-BALL A, WEINBERGER R R, HAMPSHIRE R C. Is the curb 80% full or 20% empty?Assessing the impacts of San Francisco's parking pricing experiment[J]. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2014, 63: 76-92. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2014.02.016 [12] 秦延平, 刘灿齐, 黄鸣. 泊位共享在解决区域交通拥堵中的应用[J]. 交通与港航, 2008, 22 (3): 51-53. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-599X.2008.03.020QIN Yan-ping, LIU Can-qi, HUANG Ming. Application of berth shared in solving regional traffic jams[J]. Communication and Shipping, 2008, 22 (3): 51-53. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-599X.2008.03.020 [13] 陈永茂, 过秀成, 冉江宇. 城市建筑物配建停车设施对外共享的可行性研究[J]. 现代城市研究, 2010 (1): 21-25. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2010.01.004CHEN Yong-mao, GUO Xiu-cheng, RAN Jiang-yu. The shared parking feasibility of appertaining parking facilities to the building in cities[J]. Modern Urban Research, 2010 (1): 21-25. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2010.01.004 [14] 肖飞, 张利学, 晏克非. 基于泊位共享的停车需求预测[J]. 城市交通, 2009, 7 (3): 73-79. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5328.2009.03.014XIAO Fei, ZHANG Li-xue, YAN Ke-fei. Parking demand forecasting based on parking space sharing[J]. Urban Transport of China, 2009, 7 (3): 73-79. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5328.2009.03.014 [15] 薛行健, 欧心泉, 晏克非. 基于泊位共享的新城区停车需求预测[J]. 城市交通, 2010, 8 (5): 52-56. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CSJT201005015.htmXUE Xing-jian, OU Xin-quan, YAN Ke-fei. Parking demand forecasting for spacesharing facility in new urban area[J]. Urban Transport of China, 2010, 8 (5): 52-56. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CSJT201005015.htm [16] 苏靖, 关宏志, 秦焕美. 基于泊位共享效用的混合用地停车需求比例研究[J]. 城市交通, 2013, 11 (3): 42-46. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5328.2013.03.010SU Jing, GUAN Hong-zhi, QIN Huan-mei. Shared parking facility for mixed parking demand generated by different types of land use[J]. Urban Transport of China, 2013, 11 (3): 42-46. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5328.2013.03.010 [17] 陈峻, 谢凯. 中心城区高校停车泊位共享的动态分配模型及效果评价[J]. 中国公路学报, 2015, 28 (11): 104-111. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGGL201511016.htmCHEN Jun, XIE Kai. Dynamic allocation model and effect evaluation of campus shared-use parking in central city[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 2015, 28 (11): 104-111. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGGL201511016.htm [18] 陈峻, 王斌, 张楚. 基于时空容量的配建停车资源共享匹配方法[J]. 中国公路学报, 2018, 31 (3): 96-115. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGGL201803012.htmCHEN Jun, WANG Bin, ZHANG Chu. Parking resource sharing and matching methods for appertaining parking facilities based on space-time capacity[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 2018, 31 (3): 96-115. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGGL201803012.htm [19] 何梦园, 刘正熙, 熊运余, 等. 数据驱动的通勤团体配对共享停车方法研究[J]. 计算机应用研究, 2018, 37 (1): 1-6. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JSYJ202001021.htmHE Meng-yuan, LIU Zheng-xi, XIONG Yun-yu, et al. Research on paired shared parking for commuter groups driven by data[J]. Application Research of Computers, 2018, 37 (1): 1-6. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JSYJ202001021.htm [20] 张文会, 苏永民, 戴静, 等. 居住区共享停车泊位分配模型[J]. 交通运输系统工程与信息, 2019, 19 (1): 89-96. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXT201901015.htmZHANG Wen-hui, SU Yong-min, DAI Jing, et al. Distributing model for shared parking in the residential zones[J]. Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, 2019, 19 (1): 89-96. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXT201901015.htm [21] 李玉龙, 毛鹏, 罗杰, 等. "互联网+"视角下的住区停车位工作日共享机制研究[J]. 工程管理学报, 2018, 32 (2): 68-73. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JCGL201802014.htmLI Yu-long, MAO Peng, LUO Jie, et al. The mechanism design of parking space in residential area based on internet plus model[J]. Journal of Engineering Management, 2018, 32 (2): 68-73. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JCGL201802014.htm [22] SHAO Chao-yi, YANG Hai, ZHANG Yi, et al. A simple reservation and allocation model of shared parking lots[J]. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2016, 71: 303-312. [23] XIAO Hao-han, XU Meng, GAO Zi-you. Shared parking problem: a novel truthful double auction mechanism Approach[J]. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 2018, 109: 40-69. [24] XIAO Hao-han, XU Meng. How to restrain participants opt out in shared parking market?A fair recurrent double auction approach[J]. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2018, 93: 36-61. [25] MA Rui-qu, LAM P T I, LEUNG C K. Potential pitfalls of smart city development: a study on parking mobile applications (apps) in Hong Kong[J]. Telematics and Informatics, 2018, 35 (6): 1580-1592. [26] TANG Dou-nan, LIN Zi-heng, SENGUPTA R. A casual analysis of FlexPass: incentive for reducing parking demand[C]//TRB. Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting. Washington DC: TRB, 2016: 1-19. [27] 陈莎, 夏俐. 排队系统定价控制问题的研究综述[J]. 控制理论与应用, 2018, 35 (1): 41-55. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KZLY201801006.htmCHEN Sha, XIA Li. Research review of pricing control for queueing systems[J]. Control Theory and Applications, 2018, 35 (1): 41-55. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KZLY201801006.htm [28] JI Yan-jie, GAO Liang-peng, CHEN Xiao-shi, et al. Strategies for multi-step-ahead available parking spaces forecasting based on wavelet transform[J]. Journal of Central South University, 2017, 24 (6): 1503-1512. -
点击查看大图
图(10) / 表(3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 1942
- HTML全文浏览量: 140
- PDF下载量: 1367
- 被引次数: 0
