-
摘要: 为研究强降雨对高速列车空气动力学性能的影响, 利用Euler-Lagrange方法建立了强降雨环境下高速列车空气动力学计算模型; 空气建模为连续相, 采用Euler方法描述, 雨滴建模为离散相, 采用Lagrange方法描述, 并采用相间耦合方法对降雨环境进行模拟; 分别开展列车气动性能计算及雨滴降落仿真, 并与试验数据进行对比, 验证计算方法的准确性; 数值仿真了强降雨环境下高速列车的流场结构和气动特性。计算结果表明: 随着降雨强度的增加, 在雨滴的冲击作用下, 流线型头型前端区域的正压逐渐增大, 流线型头型后端区域的负压逐渐减小, 从而导致头车气动阻力增大; 降雨强度对高速列车头车气动阻力系数的影响较为显著, 而对气动升力系数的影响较小; 与无降雨环境相比, 当降雨强度为100~500 mm·h-1时, 200 km·h-1车速下的气动阻力系数增加0.004 0~0.020 4, 气动阻力增加85~432 N, 增大率为2.64%~13.46%;300 km·h-1车速下的气动阻力系数增加0.002 7~0.013 7, 气动阻力增加129~652 N, 增大率为1.78%~9.05%;400 km·h-1车速下的气动阻力系数增加0.002 3~0.009 8, 气动阻力增加195~829 N, 增大率为1.52%~6.49%, 因此, 不同车速下, 气动阻力系数随着降雨强度的增加而增大, 且与降雨强度近似呈线性关系; 当车速为300 km·h-1, 降雨强度为100 mm·h-1, 雨滴粒径由2 mm增加为4 mm时, 气动阻力系数由0.152 0增大到0.154 9, 气动阻力增加138 N, 增大率为1.91%, 因此, 高速列车气动阻力系数随着雨滴粒径的增加而增大, 且与雨滴粒径近似呈线性关系。Abstract: In order to study the influence of heavy rain on the aerodynamic performance of a high-speed train, the aerodynamics computation model of high-speed train under heavy rain was established based on the Euler-Lagrange method. The air was modelled as the continuous phase, which was described by the Euler method. The raindrop was modelled as the discrete phase, which was described by the Lagrange method. The two-way coupled method was used to simulate the rainfall environment. The calculation of train aerodynamic performance and raindrop simulation were carried out, respectively, and the accuracy of the calculation method was verified by comparing with the experimental data. The flow field structure and aerodynamic performance of a high-speed train under heavy rain conditions were simulated numerically. Calculation result shows that with the increasing of rainfall intensity, under the impact of raindrops, the positive pressure on the front-end area of streamlined head increases, and the negative pressure on the back-end area of streamlined head decreases. As a result, the aerodynamic drag of head car increases. The rainfall intensity has great influence on the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the head car of a train, while has little influence on the aerodynamic lift coefficient. Compared with the aerodynamic drag coefficient under no rain conditions, when the rainfall intensity is 100-500 mm·h-1, for the train speed of 200 km·h-1, the aerodynamic drag coefficient increases by 0.004 0-0.020 4, the aerodynamic drag increases by 85-432 N, and the increasing percentage is 2.64%-13.46%. For the train speed of 300 km·h-1, the aerodynamic drag coefficient increases by 0.002 7-0.013 7, the aerodynamic drag increases by 129-652 N, and the increasing percentage is 1.78%-9.05%. For the train speed of 400 km·h-1, the aerodynamic drag coefficient increases by 0.002 3-0.009 8, the aerodynamic drag increases by 195-829 N, and the increasing percentage is 1.52%-6.49%. Therefore, the aerodynamic drag coefficient increases with the rainfall intensity at different train speeds, and there is an approximately linear relationship between the coefficient and the rainfall intensity. Under the train speed of 300 km·h-1 and the raindrop intensity of 100 mm·h-1, when the raindrop diameter increases from 2 mm to 4 mm, the aerodynamic drag coefficient increases from 0.152 0 to 0.154 9, the aerodynamic drag increases by 138 N, and the increasing percentage is 1.91 %. Therefore the aerodynamic drag coefficient of a high-speed train increases with the increasing of raindrop diameter, and there is an approximately linear relationship between the coefficient and the raindrop diameter.
-
图 5 不同降雨强度下流线型头型压力分布
Figure 5. Pressure distributions on streamlined head under different rainfall intensities
图 6 6气动力系数随降雨强度的变化规律
Figure 6. Variation rules of aerodynamic force coefficients with rainfall intensity
图 7 气动阻力(系数)增量随降雨强度的变化规律
Figure 7. Variation rules of aerodynamic drag (coefficient) increment with rainfall intensity
图 8 气动阻力系数随雨滴粒径的变化规律
Figure 8. Variation rules of aerodynamic drag coefficient with raindrop diameter
表 1 雨滴降落末速度对比
Table 1. Comparison of terminal velocities of raindrop
雨滴粒径/mm 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 试验值/(m·s-1) 2.00 3.88 5.39 6.55 7.41 8.05 计算值/(m·s-1) 2.06 3.92 5.48 6.74 7.75 8.63 差值/(m·s-1) 0.06 0.04 0.09 0.19 0.34 0.58 
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] BAKER C. The flow around high speed trains[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2010, 98(6/7): 277-298. [2] WANG Ming, LI Xiao-zhen, XIAO Jun, et al. An experimental analysis of the aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed train on a bridge under crosswinds[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2018, 177: 92-100. doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2018.03.021 [3] WEINMAN K A, FRAGNER M, DEITERDING R, et al. Assessment of the mesh refinement influence on the computed flow-fields about a model train in comparison with wind tunnel measurements[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2018, 179: 102-117. doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2018.05.005 [4] YAN Nai-jie, CHEN Xin-zhong, LI Yong-le. Assessment of overturning risk of high-speed trains in strong crosswinds using spectral analysis approach[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2018, 174: 103-118. doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2017.12.024 [5] 田红旗. 中国恶劣风环境下铁路安全行车研究进展[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 41(6): 2435-2443. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNGD201006063.htmTIAN Hong-qi. Research progress in railway safety under strong wind condition in China[J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2010, 41(6): 2435-2443. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNGD201006063.htm [6] 于梦阁, 张骞, 刘加利, 等. 随机风环境下高速列车运行安全评估研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2018, 54(4): 245-254. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JXXB201804036.htmYU Meng-ge, ZHANG Qian, LIU Jia-li, et al. Study on the operational safety evaluation of the high-speed train exposed to stochastic winds[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2018, 54(4): 245-254. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JXXB201804036.htm [7] BEZOS G M, DUNHAM R E, GENTRY G L, et al. Wind tunnel aerodynamic characteristics of a transport-type airfoil in a simulated heavy rain environment[R]. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992. [8] WU Zhen-long, CAO Yi-hua. Numerical simulation of flow over an airfoil in heavy rain via a two-way coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 2015, 69: 81-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2014.11.006 [9] HUANG Sheng-hong, LI Qiu-sheng. Numerical simulations of wind-driven rain on building envelopes based on Eulerian multiphase model[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2010, 98: 843-857. doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2010.08.003 [10] 任洪鹏. 基于风雨两相流的斜拉索风雨激振的机理研究[D]. 天津: 天津大学, 2012.REN Hong-peng. The mechanism research of rain-wind-induced vibration based on wind-rain two phase flow[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2012. (in Chinese). [11] FOROUSHANIS S M, GE Hua, NAYLOR D. Effects of roof overhangs on wind-driven rain wetting of a low-rise cubic building: a numerical study[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2014, 25: 8-51. [12] 黄成涛, 王立新. 风雨对飞机飞行安全性的影响[J]. 航空学报, 2010, 31(4): 694-700. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HKXB201004008.htmHUANG Cheng-tao, WANG Li-xin. Effects of rain and wind on aircraft flight safety[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2010, 31(4): 694-700. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HKXB201004008.htm [13] 司天文. 风雨联合作用下大跨钢桁拱桥桥上地铁交通行车安全性研究[D]. 成都: 西南交通大学, 2016.SI Tian-wen. The operational safety of subway trains on large steel truss arch bridge under cross wind and rain[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong Universtiy, 2016. (in Chinese). [14] 李军产. 风雨联合对高速运动客车动力作用数值模拟[D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2012.LI Jun-chan. Simulation of the action effect of wind-driven rain on high-speed moving passenger vehicle[D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2012. (in Chinese). [15] 张淼. 基于颗粒轨道模型的高速列车多相流数值模拟和分析[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2011.ZHANG Miao. Numerical simulation and analysis of high-speed train in multiphase flow based on Lagrangian-Eulerian scheme[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Universtiy, 2011. (in Chinese). [16] 敬俊娥, 高广军. 风雨联合作用下高速列车受力数值模拟[J]. 铁道科学与工程学报, 2013, 10(3): 99-102. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CSTD201303019.htmJING Jun-e, GAO Guang-jun. Simulation of the action effect of wind-drive rain on high-speed train[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2013, 10(3): 99-102. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CSTD201303019.htm [17] 倪守隆. 风雨与沙尘暴环境下列车运行安全性研究[D]. 大连: 大连交通大学, 2015.NI Shou-long. Study on the running safety of train under rain and sandstorm conditions[D]. Dalian: Dalian Jiaotong University, 2015. (in Chinese). [18] SHAO Xue-ming, WAN Jun, CHEN Da-wei, et al. Aerodynamic modeling and stability analysis of a high-speed train under strong rain and crosswind conditions[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University—Science A (Applied Physics and Engineering), 2011, 12(12): 964-970. doi: 10.1631/jzus.A11GT001 [19] 岳煜斐, 曾秋兰, 李振山, 等. 挟雨风对高速列车气动特性及运行稳定性影响的数值模拟[J]. 中国沙漠, 2016, 36(4): 943-950. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGSS201604011.htmYUE Yu-fei, ZENG Qiu-lan, LI Zhen-shan, et al. Numerical simulating effects of rain-loaded wind on the aerodynamic characteristics and running stability of high-speed trains[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2016, 36(4): 943-950. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGSS201604011.htm [20] NESTOR D M. 横风大雨对高速列车绕流的影响[D]. 北京: 北京交通大学, 2013.NESTOR D M. Influence of the crosswind and heavy rain on the flow around a high speed train[D]. Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University, 2013. (in Chinese). [21] 孙自豹, 杜礼明. 基于Gamma雨滴谱的降雨对高速列车气动特性影响[J]. 大连交通大学学报, 2018, 39(6): 24-29. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLTD201806006.htmSUN Zi-bao, DU Li-ming. Influence of rainfall on aerodynamic characteristics of high speed trains based on Gamma rainfall spectrum[J]. Journal of Dalian Jiaotong University, 2018, 39(6): 24-29. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLTD201806006.htm [22] LI Tian, ZHANG Ji-ye, RASHIDI M, et al. On the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes modelling of the flow around a simplified train in crosswinds[J]. Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 2019, 12(2): 551-563. doi: 10.29252/jafm.12.02.28958 [23] 王政, 李田, 张继业. 不同类型横风下高速列车气动性能研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2018, 54(4): 203-211.WANG Zheng, LI Tian, ZHANG Ji-ye. Research on aerodynamic performance of high-speed train subjected to different types of crosswind[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2018, 54(4): 203-211. (in Chinese). [24] COHAN A C, ARASTOOPOUR H. Numerical simulation and analysis of the effect of rain and surface property on wind-turbine airfoil performance[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 2016, 81: 46-53. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2016.01.006 [25] MORSI S A, ALEXANDER A J. An investigation of particle trajectories in two-phase flow systems[J]. Journal of Fluids Mechanics, 1972, 55(2): 193-208. doi: 10.1017/S0022112072001806 [26] BEST A C. The size distribution of raindrops[J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1950, 76(327): 16-36. doi: 10.1002/qj.49707632704 [27] MARKOWITZ A H. Raindrop size distribution expressions[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1976, 15(9): 1029-1031. doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015<1029:RSDE>2.0.CO;2 [28] ELGHOBASHI S. On predicting particle-laden turbulent flows[J]. Applied Scientific Research, 1994, 52(4): 309-329. [29] CHOI E C C. Wind-drive rain and driving rain coefficient during thunderstorms and non-thunderstorms[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2001, 89(3): 293-308. [30] 张在中, 周丹. 不同头部外形高速列车气动性能风洞试验研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 44(6): 2603-2608. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNGD201306058.htmZHANG Zai-zhong, ZHOU Dan. Wind tunnel experiment on aerodynamic characteristic of streamline head of high speed train with different head shapes[J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2013, 44(6): 2603-2608. (in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNGD201306058.htm -
点击查看大图
图(8) / 表(1)
计量
- 文章访问数: 1039
- HTML全文浏览量: 241
- PDF下载量: 531
- 被引次数: 0
