Research progress of anti-friction and anti-wear of piston-cylinder liner system in internal combustion engine
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摘要: 总结了内燃机活塞-缸套系统摩擦磨损的研究成果, 从润滑油改良、表面改性、动力学特性方面综述了系统的减摩抗磨研究方法与技术的发展现状, 讨论了润滑模型、润滑添加剂、表面织构、缸套珩磨、表面涂层与动力学特性对系统减摩抗磨的影响, 分析了系统的摩擦磨损机理。研究结果表明: 活塞-缸套系统的润滑特性具有非线性特征, 润滑状态与添加剂对系统减摩抗磨有较大的影响, 系统润滑状态的不确定性导致多种润滑模型并存, 需进一步建立系统综合润滑模型, 同时需深入探讨润滑油添加剂最佳减磨剂量及减磨机理; 表面改性技术(表面织构、珩磨与涂层)可以大大减少系统表面的摩擦磨损, 由于织构位置分布、加工参数、加工工艺、表面形貌与涂层材料等对接触表面的影响, 表面改性技术减摩抗磨的综合发展相对缓慢, 需进一步研究表面改性减磨的机理与参数优化方法; 活塞-缸套系统的工作条件苛刻, 系统各部件的相互作用相互耦合, 深入探究动力学特性与摩擦磨损的演化规律关系相对困难, 仍需全面考量服役状态下动力学特性与摩擦磨损之间的关系; 未来内燃机整机性能的提高将迫使活塞-缸套系统需具备更高的减摩抗磨性能, 为实现系统经济性与节能减排的目标, 尚需进一步开展系统高效减摩技术。Abstract: The research findings of friction and wear of piston-cylinder liner system in internal combustion engine were summarized, the developments of research methods and technologies of the system's anti-friction and anti-wear were reviewed from the aspects of lubricating oil improvement, surface modification and dynamics characteristics. The influences of lubrication model, lubrication additive, surface texturing, cylinder liner honing, surface coating and dynamics characteristic on the system's anti-friction and anti-wear were discussed, and the mechanism of friction and wear of the system was studied. Research result indicates that the lubrication characteristic of the piston-cylinder liner system is nonlinear. Lubrication status and additive have a great influence on the system's anti-friction and anti-wear, and the uncertainty of the system's lubrication status leads to the coexistence of multiple lubrication models. It is necessary to establish the comprehensive lubrication model of the system and discuss the optimal dosage and mechanism of anti-wear of lubricant additive in depth. Surface modification technologies(surface texturing, honing and coating) can greatly reduce the friction and wear of the system surface. The comprehensive development of surface modification technologies is relatively slow because of the effect of texture position distribution, processing parameters, processing technology, surface morphology and coating materials on the contact surface, so the anti-wear mechanism and parameter optimization methods of surface modification need to be further studied. Because the piston-cylinder liner system operates under harsh conditions and the components of the system interact and are coupled with each other, it's relatively difficult to deeply discuss the relationship between dynamics characteristics and evolution laws of friction and wear, the relationship should be fully considered under service condition. The improvement of the internal combustion engine performance will force the piston-cylinder liner system to have higher anti-wear and anti-friction performance in future. In order to achieve the goal of economy, energy conservation and emission reduction of the system, the high-efficiency anti-friction technologies need to be further developed.
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表 1 纳米颗粒添加剂的应用
Table 1. Application of nanoparticle additives
纳米颗粒 基油 颗粒尺寸/nm 体积浓度/% 碳包覆铜 机油 5~50 0.01~0.50 石墨 机油 5~50 0.01~0.50 金刚石 机油 5~50 0.01~0.50 三氧化二铝 机油 5~78 0.05~1.00 二氧化硅 机油 5~78 0.05~1.00 
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表 2 活塞涂层材料
Table 2. Piston coating materials
活塞类型 涂层材料 柴油机活塞 石墨 汽油机活塞 碳纤维 摩托车活塞 石墨、二硫化钼 压缩机活塞 聚四氟乙烯
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表 3 涂层技术与材料
Table 3. Technologies and materials of coatings
涂层技术 涂层材料 电镀 Cr-Al2O3、Cr-Si3N4、金刚石、铬-氧碳化硅、铬-金刚石 电刷镀 Al2O3/Ni纳米颗粒、Ni-Co-SiC、Ni-W-SiC 热喷涂技术 陶瓷、金属(钼、镍、铜)、金属-陶瓷复合 气相沉积与注入 CrN、Al/AlCrN、AlSn20、DLC 有机涂层 MoS2、聚酰亚胺树脂
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