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摘要: 回顾了城市空中运输(UAM)的起源与发展演变, 定义了UAM交通管理基本概念, 分析了催生UAM的社会和技术因素, 提出了面向近未来时期国家层面UAM交通管理的基础架构, 将基于电推进垂直起降航空器的UAM交通管理问题划分为3个方面进行讨论(空域规划、地面基础设施、交通规则与运行控制), 并对近年来UAM交通管理相关文献所提出的代表性观点进行了梳理, 总结了UAM近未来时期所需解决的关键问题, 展望了UAM交通管理未来的发展趋势。研究结果表明: 空域规划方面, UAM需要对现有低空非管制空域进行更精细化的规划管理, 结构化的空域划设方式应该在UAM交通管理初期被应用, 高度层空域结构能较好地平衡运行安全和空域容量之间的矛盾; 地面基础设施方面, 需通过城市OD数据预测UAM的交通需求来进行地面垂直起降站点选址, 选址管理工作将直接影响空中航线网络结构和所需的地面通信导航监视台站的布设; 交通规则与运行控制方面, UAM将直接面对更为复杂的有人机、无人机融合运行场景, UAM交通规则需要革新并对现有的运输航空交通规则保持兼容, 高带宽的通信技术会促使UAM运行控制向空地协同决策和自动驾驶方向发生转变, 未来交通管理中如何处理人与系统的关系至关重要。总的来说, UAM交通管理将可能会和现有无人机交通管理体系产生交集并逐渐融合, 面对这一新型运输方式, 国家将更可能采用集中管理、试点运行、有序放开的交通管理发展路线。Abstract: The emergence and development of urban air mobility(UAM) were reviewed, the basic concept of UAM traffic management was defined, and the social and technical factors promoting the UAM industry were analyzed. A nationwide framework of UAM traffic management for the near future was proposed. The UAM traffic management issues based on the electric vertical take-off and landing(eVTOL) aircraft were divided into three aspects for discussion(airspace planning, ground infrastructure, traffic rules and operation control). The representative views put forward by related literatures of UAM traffic management in the past few years were sorted out. The key issues that UAM needs to solve in the near future were summarized, and the development trend of UAM traffic management in the future was prospected. Research result shows that in terms of airspace planning, the UAM needs more refined planning and management of existing low-altitude uncontrolled airspace. The structured airspace demarcation method should be applied in the initial stage of UAM traffic management. The contradiction between the operational safety and airspace capacity can be better balanced by the flight layer airspace structure. In terms of ground infrastructure, the UAM traffic demand predicted by the urban OD data can be used for the location selection of vertiports. Also, the vertiport site management will directly affect the structure of the air route network and the layout of communication, navigation, and surveillance(CNS) stations. In terms of traffic rules and operation control, more complex UAVs and manned aircraft integration operation scenarios will be directly faced by the UAM. The UAM traffic rules need to be innovated and compatible with the existing transportation aviation traffic rules. High-band width communication technology will promote the transformation of the UAM operation control to the direction of air-ground coordinated decision-making and self-pilot. How to deal with the relationship between human and air traffic control system is very important to the future air traffic management. In general, UAM traffic management will likely intersect and gradually integrate with the existing UAS traffic management system. Facing this new mode of transportation, our country will be more likely to adopt the traffic management development route of centralized management, pilot operation, and orderly deregulation.
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Key words:
- air transportation /
- urban air mobility /
- eVTOL /
- airspace planning /
- operation control /
- CNS
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图 13 传统空中交通管理与城市空中运输交通管理问题框架对比
Figure 13. Framework comparison between conventional ATM and UAM traffic management
表 1 城市低空空域水平航路结构设置
Table 1. Horizontal route planning for low-altitude urban airspace
设置方式 方式1 方式2 方式3 航路规划 
适用场景 UAM试运行阶段城市中有高频次交通需要的两节点之间进行运输, 如城市候机厅到机场、市区到卫星城的快速通勤 中等运行规模, 高安全要求的应用场景, 如已经进入试点运行阶段的空中出租车, 微小型eVTOL的物流配送 已达到成熟运输阶段的UAM运行, 按需生成路径起始节点与目的节点之间的路径并对所需空间栅格进行结构化占用, 适合个人eVTOL推广普及阶段 优势 路径固定, 容易设计运行规则, 从路径结构上容易实现系统整体安全性 可配合中心式运输管理系统提高载运具运行速度和效率, 减小冲突次数, 减少飞过人员活动区域上空的概率 对空域使用更为灵活, 提高了空域利用率, 可以实现门到门式的空中路径规划 弊端 不能完全满足点到点运输需要, 航线需占用多个高度层, 对空域利用不够 空域容量有所提高, 但仍处于相对较低水平, 因为空中飞行的安全间隔远比地面道路上车辆间隔更大, 基于该航路飞行的路径通常都不是最短路径 冲突概率随空域密度增大成指数式增长, 对空中交通避撞技术提出了巨大挑战 
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表 2 运输航空与UAM所需通信导航监视设备对比
Table 2. Comparison of CNS infrastructures required by civil air transportation and UAM
运输方式 民航运输航空 城市空中运输 通信服务 地面甚高频发射机提供VHF陆空通话、ACARS甚高频地空数据通信链路 地面基站提供5G通信网络(数字信号)、机载Ad-Hoc网络 导航服务 VOR/DME/NDB导航台站提供无线电导航, ILS提供降落引导, GNSS/IMU提供组合导航 GNSS/IMU组合导航、城域空间高分辨率3D高程地图服务, 基于通信基站的定位和路径规划服务、在线视觉识别辅助定位 监视服务 一次雷达、二次雷达监视、ADS-B 基于地面5G通信链路的中心交换合作相关监视、基于机载Ad-Hoc网络的空-空监视 管制服务 管制员指挥的雷达管制、程序管制(航路、进近、机场等区域) 自主飞行/接受地面控制中心统一指令调度; 人工负责监视和应急处置 飞行情报 提供ATS自动情报通播服务, 通波信息包括机场本场和航路气象条件 全空域流量信息, 垂直起降机场机位状态, 城域空间精细化气象信息, 航路上的尾流信息 告警服务 当航空器处紧急状况时, 由管制单位对空域进行告警服务、基于二次模式应答机代码的告警 通过5G网络的全空域告警, 当自动运行的航空器出现故障时机载设备主动广播
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表 3 现有空中交通规则应用于UAM的比较
Table 3. Comparison of existing air traffic rules applied to UAM
规则类型 VFR IFR UTM 优点 在现代ATC管制体系中拥有最大程度自由度 能够支持更多气象和时段条件下的运行 能够支持低空空域更高容量的运行密度 缺点 对气象条件要求较高, 空域容量小, 不能夜间运行 主要针对人在环路的管理模式, 容量可扩展性较弱 暂不考虑UAM在120 m以上空域范围的运行需求, 技术手段和规则仍处于研究中
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表 4 文献总结
Table 4. Literatures revie
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