Quasi-static force analysis and longitudinal load distribution law of heavy haul freight coupler
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摘要: 针对重载货车车钩在车钩间隙、重力与纵向牵引力综合作用下的受力状态改变问题, 对车钩进行了准静态受力分析, 研究了其纵向载荷分配规律; 设计了钩舌上下牵引凸缘根部的应变试验, 得到了测点弹性应变随牵引力的变化关系, 分析了上下牵引凸缘承载程度变化趋势; 对车钩进行了详细的受力分析, 推导了载荷传递部位等效力解析解, 得到了车钩承受不同牵引力作用时所对应的仿真边界条件; 对车钩结构进行了仿真分析, 得到了节点应变随牵引力变化的响应曲线, 通过与应变测试试验结果的对比分析, 证明了车钩载荷传递部位等效力解析解和仿真模型的可靠性; 研究了牵引力与钩舌内腕面、上下牵引凸缘等效力的关系式中关键参数对等效力的影响规律。研究结果表明: 当牵引力小于13.5 kN时, 上受压推台受力; 牵引力为13.5~1 725.0 kN时, 车钩系统上下牵引凸缘同时承载, 随着牵引力的逐渐增大, 下牵引凸缘承载比例逐渐减小并趋近于0.53, 上牵引凸缘承载比例逐渐增大并趋近于0.47, 承载比例与系统参数有线性关系, 其中钩舌内腕面等效力作用位置对此影响极大。研究结果作为研究车钩疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展仿真的基础, 对铁路重载车钩服役安全性具有极强的指导意义和参考价值。Abstract: To evaluate the change in the force state of a heavy haul freight coupler under the combined action of coupler clearance, gravity, and longitudinal traction force, a quasi-static force analysis for the coupler was carried out and the longitudinal load distribution law was studied. A strain test at the roots of the upper and lower traction flanges of the knuckle was designed. The relationship between the elastic stain of measuring points and traction force was obtained. The change trends of bearing degrees of the upper and lower traction flanges were analyzed. A detailed force analysis of coupler was carried out. An analytical solution of equivalent forces on the load transfer sites was derived. The boundary conditions of the simulation under different traction forces of coupler were obtained. A simulation analysis of coupler was carried out. The response curve of node strain with the traction force was obtained. Through comparison to the results of strain test, the reliabilities of analytical solution of the equivalent forces on the load transfer sites and simulation model were demonstrated. The influences of some key parameters on the relationship between the traction force and equivalent force were analyzed. The equivalent forces refer to the forces acting on the inner wrist surface and upper and lower traction flanges. Research result shows that the upper shocking platform is stressed when the traction force is smaller than 13.5 kN. The upper and lower traction flanges of the coupler are loaded simultaneously when the traction force is 13.5-1 725.0 kN. With the gradual increase in the traction force, the bearing ratio of lower traction flange gradually decreases and approaches 0.53, while the bearing ratio of upper traction flange increases and approaches 0.47. The bearing ratio is linear with respect to the system parameters. The acting position of equivalent force on the inner wrist surface of knuckle has a large influence on it. These results can be used as a basis for studying the fatigue crack initiation and propagation simulations of couplers and have a high guiding significance for the couplers' service safety.
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图 4 测点弹性应变-牵引力曲线
Figure 4. Curves of elastic strain-traction force at measuring points
图 6 牵引力作用下车钩受力状态的4个阶段
Figure 6. Four stages of coupler's force state under traction force
图 15 600 kN纵向牵引力下的车钩应力分布
Figure 15. Stress distribution of coupler under 600 kN longitudinal traction force
图 16 下牵引凸缘根部应变仿真与试验结果对比
Figure 16. Comparison of simulation and test results for strain at root of lower traction flange
图 17 上牵引凸缘根部测点应变仿真与试验结果对比
Figure 17. Comparison of simulation and test results for strain at root of upper traction flange
图 18 车钩纵向牵引力分配规律
Figure 18. Distribution law of longitudinal traction force of coupler
图 19 系统参数对稳定时下牵引凸缘承载比例的影响
Figure 19. Influence of system parameters on bearing ratio of lower traction flange in stability
表 1 牵引力为1 725 kN时的测点塑性应变
Table 1. Plastic strains at measuring points when traction force is 1 725 kN
测点编号 测点1 测点2 测点3 测点4 测点5 测点6 应变 801 1 382 908 0 250 259 
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表 2 铸造E级钢力学特性
Table 2. Mechanical propertites of cast E grade steel
参数 弹性模量/MPa 强度极限/MPa 屈服极限/MPa 泊松比 数值 204 639 806 640 0.28
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表 3 影响系统响应的参数取值
Table 3. Values of parameters affecting system response mm
参数 c m a1 b1 b3 m1 m3 数值 1.5 7 92 19.2 15 0 0
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