Research on effectiveness of visual guiding system in entrance zone of freeway tunnel
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摘要: 为了达到高速公路隧道入口区域驾驶人早发现、早适应、早决策的目的，分析了隧道入口区域的交通安全现状，提出了一种高速公路隧道入口区域视线诱导系统的改善思路与方法；通过室内驾驶模拟仿真平台，利用眼动仪采集了驾驶人的眼部数据；将驾驶人浏览兴趣区域划分为5类，分析了驾驶人在各区域的眼动参数变化；采用注视点分布位置、视觉敏感区面积等指标，描述了驾驶人视区的变化规律，评价了视线诱导系统改善后的效果。研究结果表明：隧道入口区域视线诱导系统改善后，驾驶人对道路前方远处的浏览时间占比(50.55%)、注视时间占比(53.13%)相比现状方案均有显著的提升，且扫视幅度(5.47°)明显减小；改善后驾驶人的注视点更加集中于前方远处，而道路两侧的注视点减少；现状方案中驾驶人的视觉敏感区面积在距离隧道洞口180 m左右处急剧减小，在隧道内又开始缓慢增大；改善后驾驶人的视觉敏感区面积在距离隧道洞口350 m左右处开始减小，此后一直保持相对平稳的状态；改善后驾驶人的视觉敏感区面积在各隧道区域的变化速度均小于现状方案。视线诱导系统的有效性得到了验证，使得驾驶人更加关注道路前方远处及洞内的交通信息，同时视区变化幅度更小，并且视觉负荷降低。Abstract: To achieve the purpose of early recognition, early adaptation, and early decision-making for drivers in entrance zones of freeway tunnels, the present traffic situation of tunnel entrance zones was analyzed, and an idea and method for improving the visual guiding system in entrance zones of freeway tunnels were proposed. Using an indoor driving simulation platform, the driver's eye data were collected with an eye tracker. The driver's area of interest was divided into five regions, and the changes in the eye movement parameters in each region were analyzed. The change rules of drivers' sight zones were described based on the gaze point distribution and the area of visually sensitive zone. The effect after the improvement were evaluated. Research result shows that after the improvement of visual guiding system for the entrance zone of the tunnel, drivers' browsing time ratio (45.97%) and gaze time ratio (39.02%) at a far distance from the road improve significantly compared to the current plan, and the saccade amplitude (5.47°) reduces significantly. After the improvement, gaze points are more concentrated at a far distance of the road, while gaze points on both sides of the road reduce. In the current plan, the area of visually sensitive zone decreases sharply approximately 180 m away from the tunnel portal and increases slowly in the tunnel. After the improvement, the area of visually sensitive zone decreases approximately 350 m away from the tunnel portal and remains relatively stable thereafter. After the improvement, the change speed of drivers' area of the visually sensitive zone in each tunnel zone is less than that before the improvement. The effectiveness of visual guiding system is verified. It allows drivers to pay more attention to traffic information at a far distance of the road and in the tunnel. At the same time, the transition amplitude of sight zone is smaller, and the visual load reduces. 10 tabs, 12 figs, 32 refs.
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表 1 隧道入口区域特性
Table 1. Characteristics of tunnel entrance zones
分段 空间环境特征 驾驶人行为影响 事故特征 现状改善方法 决策段与接近段 照度高；对比度高；视觉信息丰富；无显著视错觉 超速；无法确定洞门位置与方向 追尾；撞击洞门端墙 标志提醒；彩色防滑标线；减速标线 入口段 照度过度剧烈；非对称的参照物剧烈变化；严重视错觉；黑洞效应明显 减速；视觉盲区；误判方向与距离 追尾；撞击洞门与路侧障碍物 加强照明 
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表 2 隧道入口区域改善思路
Table 2. Improvement ideas of tunnel entrance zones
分段 满足需求 改善思路 决策段与接近段 提前识别并明确隧道洞门方位和行车道方向；接近段禁止变换车道，明确与前车车距；避免撞击隧道进洞口端墙 决策段起点应使得驾驶人提前发现隧道洞门，使驾驶人提前适应视区变化；增设多个警示标志，强化车道分界线的隔离效果，增加车距保持的视觉参照；增加隧道洞门警示效果，警示为主(洞门警示性应大于洞外景观警示性)，防撞为辅，且多级设置；增加行驶方向、车距保持的视觉参照物 入口段 明确行车的整体与局部方向感；明确与前车距离，避免超速；避免撞击检修道路缘 洞外、洞门、洞内的诱导性依次增强；路侧应设高密度高亮度信息，提供较强的局部方向诱导作用，同时提供足够的车速参照
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表 3 改善后设施信息
Table 3. Facility informations after improvement
设施 位置 间距/m 数量 颜色 作用 警示型线形诱导标 决策段起点至洞门外50 m；路侧护栏外 50.00 6 黄黑相间 中频中尺度信息，加强入洞前道路线形诱导，压缩视区 猫眼道钉 全段；边线与中线上 12.50 50 透明 高频小尺度信息，提升行车道横向空间路权与速度感 防撞桶 洞门外50 m内；边线与护栏间隔处 12.50 5 红白相间 高频中尺度信息，提升方向感，保持诱导连续性 环形立面标记 洞门 0.15 1 黄黑相间 加强警示性，提前发现洞门，早适应、早减速 反光环 隧道墙壁；洞门至洞内300 m 50.00 3 白 中频大尺度信息，强化隧道轮廓，加强洞内诱导，提升方向感 轮廓标 检修道侧面；洞门至洞内300 m 12.50 25 黄 高频小尺度信息，提升行车道横向空间路权
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表 5 改善前设施信息
Table 5. Facility informations before improvement
设施 位置 间隔/m 颜色 突起路标 边缘线上 12.5 透明 轮廓标 检修道侧面 12.5 黄
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表 6 隧道入口兴趣区域分类
Table 6. Classification of AOI in entrance zones
AOI 区域 信息 1 前方远处 远处行车道、隧道入口方向、隧道内远处等 2 前方近处 前方近处行车道 3 右侧 右侧护栏与路侧信息 4 左侧 左侧护栏与路侧信息 5 顶部 天空、两侧山体、洞门、洞顶等
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表 7 改善前后眼动指标对比分析
Table 7. Comparative analysis of eye movement indicators before and after improvement
场景 a b AOI 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 浏览时间/s 3.13 5.63 1.95 2.18 2.37 7.71 2.55 1.48 1.52 2.00 浏览时间占比/% 20.51 36.87 12.79 14.30 15.53 50.55 16.72 9.70 9.90 13.13 注视持续时间/s 1.23 2.56 0.96 1.01 1.51 5.34 1.25 1.04 1.09 1.33 注视总时间/s 7.27 10.04 注视时间占比/ % 16.97 35.22 13.19 13.91 20.71 53.13 12.40 10.39 10.87 13.21 注视次数 7 4 3 3 4 16 4 3 3 4 扫视持续时间/s 0.26 0.53 0.20 0.21 0.30 0.48 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.28 扫视时间占比/% 17.50 35.32 12.97 14.11 20.10 40.10 15.06 10.98 10.73 23.13 扫视总时间/s 1.50 1.20 扫视次数 8 16 5 6 9 12 6 5 5 8 扫视幅度中值/(°) 8.25 5.47 注视总时间占比/% 82.87 89.31
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表 8 注视点分布统计
Table 8. Statistics of gaze points distribution
场景 注视点位置 均值/Pixel 标准差/Pixel 变异系数 15%分位/Pixel 85%分位/Pixel 15%~85%间距/Pixel a x 1 037.76 221.89 0.21 601.23 1 317.82 716.59 y 823.72 52.99 0.06 796.24 920.63 124.39 b x 979.90 107.41 0.11 705.36 1 028.71 323.35 y 697.41 39.05 0.06 656.63 852.28 195.65
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表 9 描述性统计
Table 9. Descriptive statistics
分段 场景a 场景b 均值/Pixel 标准差/Pixel 变异系数 均值/Pixel 标准差/Pixel 变异系数 决策段 4 567.36 1 865.23 0.41 631.78 95.24 0.15 接近段 2 102.24 570.77 0.27 592.24 83.83 0.14 入口段 3 509.73 315.61 0.09 483.67 22.60 0.05
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表 10 双因素方差分析
Table 10. Two-way ANOVA
变量 F值 P值 改善前后 300.44 ≤0.01 分段 23.24 ≤0.01 交互 21.48 ≤0.01 注：F为检验统计量；P为检验概率。
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