Numerical simulation of leakage and diffusion of hydrogen in cabin of fuel cell ship
-
摘要: 利用FLUENT软件研究了不同条件下氢气在燃料电池船舶舱内的泄漏扩散规律和分布情况; 基于瞬态气体泄漏扩散模型，运用数值模拟方法，建立了船舶舱内氢气泄漏扩散的数值模型，结合影响氢气泄漏扩散的不同因素，对比分析了泄漏位置、泄漏孔径和通风条件等因素对船舶舱内氢气泄漏扩散的影响，得到了不同条件下氢气在船舶舱内的扩散规律和分布情况。分析结果表明：船舶舱内氢气泄漏扩散过程包括初始喷射、浮力上升和湍流扩散; 燃料电池舱的顶部角落和每排燃料电池发电系统之间的上部是氢气探测报警器的最佳安装位置，不同泄漏条件下氢气均在舱室顶部出现较多积聚; 不同位置和不同孔径泄漏孔的危险性在泄漏初期存在差异，但随着泄漏的持续进行，风险演变规律相近，约60 s后泄漏点附近氢气浓度均接近100%;在燃料电池舱设置防爆型排风机，采用强制抽风措施加快氢气的外排，可以显著减少氢气向其他舱室的扩散，当抽风速度为1 m·s-1时，氢气从燃料电池舱室排放到船舶舷外区域，没有氢气进入控制舱和乘客舱，可有效保障控制舱和乘客舱的安全; 强制送风会加速氢气向船艉舱、控制舱和乘客舱的扩散，增大氢气的扩散范围，加剧了氢气泄漏的危险性。Abstract: The leakage/diffusion laws and distributions of hydrogen in the compartments of a fuel cell ship under different conditions were studied by the software FLUENT. On the basis of the transient gas leakage and diffusion model, the numerical simulation method was employed to build a numerical leakage and diffusion model of hydrogen in the compartments of the ship, and the effects of different factors on hydrogen leakage and diffusion in the compartments, such as the leakage location, leakage aperture, and ventilation condition, were compared and analyzed. As a result, the diffusion patterns and distributions of hydrogen in the compartments of the ship under different conditions were obtained. Analysis results show that the leakage and diffusion process of hydrogen in a ship compartment includes the initial spray, buoyancy rise, and turbulent diffusion. The top corner of the fuel cell compartment and the upper part between each row of the fuel cell power generation system are the best locations for the hydrogen detection alarms, and hydrogen is more accumulated at the top of the compartment under different leakage conditions. The risks of different locations and different apertures of leakage holes are different at the beginning of the leakage, but the risk evolution patterns are similar with the continuation of the leakage, and the hydrogen concentration near the leakage point is close to 100% after about 60 s. The diffusion of hydrogen to other compartments can be significantly reduced by the installation of explosion-proof exhaust fans in the fuel cell compartment and the adoption of forced air extraction measures to speed up the hydrogen discharge. When the air extraction speed is 1 m·s-1, hydrogen is discharged from the fuel cell compartment to the outboard area of the ship, and no hydrogen is diffused into the control and passenger compartments. Hence, the safety of the control and passenger compartments can be effectively ensured. The diffusion of hydrogen to the stern, control, and passenger compartments, however, is accelerated by the forced air supply. Thus, the diffusion range of hydrogen is enlarged, and the risk of hydrogen leakage is aggravated.
-
Key words:
- fuel cell ship /
- hydrogen fuel /
- leakage /
- numerical simulation /
- concentration distribution /
- risk prediction
-
图 7 控制舱不同泄漏点氢气摩尔分数变化曲线
Figure 7. Variation curves of hydrogen mole fraction at different leakage points in control cabin
图 8 乘客舱不同泄漏点氢气摩尔分数变化曲线
Figure 8. Variation curves of hydrogen mole fraction at different leakage points in passenger cabin
图 9 t=1 s时竖直面不同孔径的氢气扩散分布
Figure 9. Hydrogen diffusion distributions of different apertures in vertical plane at t=1 s
图 10 t=10 s时竖直面不同孔径的氢气扩散分布
Figure 10. Hydrogen diffusion distributions of different apertures in vertical plane at t=10 s
图 11 船艉舱不同孔径氢气摩尔分数变化曲线
Figure 11. Variation curves of hydrogen mole fraction in different apertures of aft cabin
图 12 控制舱不同孔径氢气摩尔分数变化曲线
Figure 12. Variation curves of hydrogen mole fraction in different apertures of control cabin
图 13 乘客舱不同孔径氢气摩尔分数变化曲线
Figure 13. Variation curves of hydrogen mole fraction in different apertures of passenger cabin
图 15 t=15 s时不同泄漏位置的氢气浓度分布
Figure 15. Distributions of hydrogen concentration at different leakage positions when t=15 s
图 16 t=60 s时不同泄漏位置的氢气浓度分布
Figure 16. Distributions of hydrogen concentration at different leakage positions when t=60 s
图 18 通风条件1氢气摩尔分数变化曲线
Figure 18. Variation curves of hydrogen mole fraction under ventilation condition 1
图 19 通风条件2氢气摩尔分数变化曲线
Figure 19. Variation curves of hydrogen mole fraction under ventilation condition 2
图 20 通风条件3氢气摩尔分数变化曲线
Figure 20. Variation curves of hydrogen mole fraction under ventilation condition 3
图 21 通风条件4氢气摩尔分数变化曲线
Figure 21. Variation curves of hydrogen mole fraction under ventilation condition 4
图 22 通风条件5和6下舱内氢气浓度分布
Figure 22. Hydrogen concentration distributions in cabin under ventilation conditions 5 and 6
表 1 客船参数
Table 1. Parameters of passenger ship
总长/m 21 型宽/m 8 最高航速/kn 22 驱动电机功率/kW 300(2台) 载客/人 84 燃料电池功率/kW 360 续航时间/d 2 锂离子电池组功率/kW 100 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 FLUENT网格质量评价标准
Table 2. FLUENT mesh quality evaluation standard
评价指标 无法接受 坏 可接受 好 良好 优秀 正交质量 0~0.001 0.001~0.100 0.100~0.200 0.200~0.700 0.700~0.950 0.950~1.000 倾斜率 0.970~1.000 0.940~0.970 0.800~0.940 0.500~0.800 0.250~0.500 0~0.250
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 船舶全舱室水平面模拟通风条件
Table 3. Simulation of ventilation conditions in horizontal plane of whole cabin of ship
通风条件 船艉舱 燃料电池舱 控制舱 乘客舱 1 自然通风 关闭 关闭 关闭 2 自然通风 自然通风 关闭 关闭 3 自然通风 自然通风 自然通风 关闭 4 自然通风 自然通风 自然通风 自然通风 5 自然通风 强制抽风 自然通风 自然通风 6 自然通风 强制送风 自然通风 自然通风
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] UNCTAD. Review of maritime transport 2016[R]. New York: United Nations Publication, 2016. [2] DI NATALE F, CAROTENUTO C, CAJORA A, et al. Short-sea shipping contributions to particle concentration in coastal areas: impact and mitigation[J]. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2022, 109: 103342. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2022.103342 [3] QUE Si-si, LUO Han-yu, LIANG Wang, et al. Canonical correlation study on the relationship between shipping development and water environment of the Yangtze River[J]. Sustainability, 2020, 12(8): 3279. doi: 10.3390/su12083279 [4] VAN BIERT L, GODJEVAC M, VISSER K, et al. A review of fuel cell systems for maritime applications[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 327: 345-364. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.007 [5] 侯明, 衣宝廉. 燃料电池技术发展现状与展望[J]. 电化学, 2012, 18(1): 1-13. doi: 10.13208/j.electrochem.2012.01.003HOU Ming, YI Bao-lian. Progress and perspective of fuel cell technology[J]. Journal of Electrochemistry, 2012, 18(1): 1-13. (in Chinese) doi: 10.13208/j.electrochem.2012.01.003 [6] SVRER M G, ARAT H T. Advancements and current technologies on hydrogen fuel cell applications for marine vehicles[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(45): 19865-19875. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.12.251 [7] TROYA J J, ALVAREZ C, FEMÁANDEZ-GARRIDO C, et al. Analysing the possibilities of using fuel cells in ships[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(4): 2853-2866. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.11.145 [8] RIVAROLO M, RATTAZZI D, LAMBERTI T, et al. Clean energy production by PEM fuel cells on tourist ships: a time-dependent analysis[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(47): 25747-25757. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.086 [9] LI Feng, YUAN Yu-peng, YAN Xin-ping, et al. A study on numerical simulation of hydrogen leakage in cabin of fuel cell ship[J]. Journal of Transport Information and Safety, 2018, 97: 177-185. [10] OCKO I B, HAMBURG S P. Climate consequences of hydrogen emissions[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2022, 22(14): 9349-9368. doi: 10.5194/acp-22-9349-2022 [11] WEI Rui-chao, LAN Jia-mei, LIAN Li-ping, et al. A bibliometric study on research trends in hydrogen safety[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2022, 159: 1064-1081. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2022.01.078 [12] MIDDHA P, HANSEN O R, STORVIK I E. Validation of CFD-model for hydrogen dispersion[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2009, 22(6): 1034-1038. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2009.07.020 [13] SCHMIDT D, KRAUSE U, SCHMIDTCHE U. Numerical simulation of hydrogen gas releases between buildings[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1999, 24(5): 479-488. doi: 10.1016/S0360-3199(98)00082-2 [14] KIM E, PARK J, CHO J H, et al. Simulation of hydrogen leak and explosion for the safety design of hydrogen fueling station in Korea[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38(3): 1737-1743. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.08.079 [15] HAJJI Y, BOUTERAA M, ELCAFSI A, et al. Natural ventilation of hydrogen during a leak in a residential garage[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 50: 810-818. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.060 [16] HAJJI Y, BOUTERAA M, CAFSI A E, et al. Dispersion and behavior of hydrogen during a leak in a prismatic cavity[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(11): 6111-6119. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.159 [17] RIGAS F, SKLAVOUNOS S. Evaluation of hazards associated with hydrogen storage facilities[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 30(13/14): 1501-1510. [18] OLVERA H A, CHOUDHURI A R. Numerical simulation of hydrogen dispersion in the vicinity of a cubical building in stable stratified atmospheres[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006, 31(15): 2356-2369. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.02.022 [19] LIU Yuan-liang, LIU Zhan, WEI Jian-jian, et al. Spread characteristics of hydrogen vapor cloud for liquid hydrogen spill under different source conditions[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(5): 4606-4613. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.10.165 [20] BAUWENS C R, DOROFEEV S B. CFD modeling and consequence analysis of an accidental hydrogen release in a large scale facility[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(35): 20447-20454. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.142 [21] 余照, 袁杰红. 储氢罐泄漏扩散规律的数值仿真分析[J]. 轻工科技, 2008(8): 19-21. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2673.2008.08.010YU Zhao, YUAN Jie-hong. Simulation and analasis on hydrogen tank leaking[J]. Light Industry Science and Technology, 2008(8): 19-21. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2673.2008.08.010 [22] 刘延雷, 秦永泉, 盛水平, 等. 燃料车内氢气泄漏扩散数值模拟研究[J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2009, 5(5): 5-8. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LDBK200905003.htmLIU Yan-lei, QIN Yong-quan, SHENG Shui-ping, et al. Numerical investigation on dispersion of hydrogen in hydrogen powered automobiles[J]. Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2009, 5(5): 5-8. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LDBK200905003.htm [23] 周理. 高压氢气泄漏自燃现象的模拟[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2014.ZHOU Li. Numerical study on spontaneous ignition process of pressurized hydrogen release[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2014. (in Chinese) [24] 李静媛. 加氢站高压氢气充装策略及泄漏爆炸后果预测研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2015.LI Jing-yuan. Investigation on strategy of fast refueling and consequence of leakage-explosion of high pressure hydrogen in hydrogen station[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2015. (in Chinese) [25] 李云浩, 喻源, 张庆武. 车库内氢气扩散和分布状态的数值模拟[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2017, 17(5): 1884-1889. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-AQHJ201705052.htmLI Yun-hao, YU Yuan, ZHANG Qing-wu. Numerical simulation for the hydrogen dispersion and distribution behaviors in the garage context[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2017, 17(5): 1884-1889. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-AQHJ201705052.htm [26] 李雪芳, 何倩, 柯道友. 高压氢气小孔泄漏射流分层流动模型与验证[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 58(12): 61-66. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QHXB201812007.htmLI Xue-fang, HE Qian, KE Dao-you. Validation of flow partitioning model for high pressure hydrogen jets through small orifices[J]. Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2018, 58(12) : 61-66. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QHXB201812007.htm [27] 李雪芳, 王俞杰, 罗峰, 等. 欠膨胀氢气射流激波结构数值模拟研究[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2018, 39(4): 880-886. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCRB201804028.htmLI Xue-fang, WANG Yu-jie, LUO Feng, et al. Numerical simulation of shock structures of under-expanded hydrogen jets[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysic, 2018, 39(4): 880-886. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCRB201804028.htm [28] 李峰. 燃料电池船氢气系统设计与氢泄漏数值模拟研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2018,LI Feng. Study on the design of hydrogen system and numerical simulation of hydrogen leakage in fuel cell passenger ship[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2018. (in Chinese) [29] 黄雪驰, 马贵阳, 杨奇睿, 等. 天然气管道非稳态泄漏扩散的数值模拟[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2017, 17(1): 183-188. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-AQHJ201701039.htmHUANG Xue-chi, MA Gui-yang, YANG Qi-rui, et al. On the tracer of the uranium leakage in the process of stope leaching[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2017, 17(1): 183-188. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-AQHJ201701039.htm [30] CHOI J, HUR N, KANG S, et al. A CFD simulation of hydrogen dispersion for the hydrogen leakage from a fuel cell vehicle in an underground parking garage[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38(19): 8084-8091. [31] MONTIEL H, VÍLCHEZ J A, CASAL J, et al. Mathematical modelling of accidental gas releases[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1998, 59(2/3): 211-233. -
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 510
- HTML全文浏览量: 191
- PDF下载量: 89
- 被引次数: 0
