Review on development status of inspection equipment for track maintenance, communication and signaling, and power supply of railway
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摘要: 从铁路工务、电务、供电检测装备的类型、检测对象等角度，梳理了各国检测装备的发展概况，分析了综合检测车、专业检测车、搭载式检测装置的发展历史、技术特点与应用情况，比较了国内外同类型检测装备在设计理念、功能集成、运用维护等方面的差异，分析了中国检测装备存在的不足；在此基础上，借鉴国外先进经验并结合中国实际情况，凝练了中国检测装备的发展趋势。研究结果表明：中国铁路工务、电务、供电检测技术取得了长足进步，部分领域达到或接近世界先进水平；但与实际运营需求相比还存在一定差距，主要表现在检测项目不充足，检测设备自动化和智能化水平较低，检测数据利用不充分，检测成本较高等；针对上述问题，检测装备的发展应朝着检测功能综合化、检测装备小型化与模块化、检测过程智能化与无人化的方向发展，形成可靠性高、检测项目齐全、检测数据精准的现代化检测装备体系，以期实现对铁路基础设施的状态维修和全生命周期管理。Abstract: The perspectives of the type and object of inspection equipment for track maintenance, communication and signaling, and power supply of railway were adopted to review the general development of inspection equipment in different countries. The development histories, technical features, and application situations of comprehensive inspection trains, specialized inspection trains, and on-board inspection devices were discussed. The differences of same type of inspection equipment in China and abroad in design concept, function integration, operation and maintenance were compared, and the shortcomings of Chinese inspection equipment were analyzed. On this basis, the development tendency of the Chinese inspection equipment was distilled by learning advanced experience from other countries and adapting it to Chinese actual situation. Research results show that substantial advances have been achieved by the Chinese inspection techniques for track maintenance, communication and signaling, and power supply of railway. Some fields have reached or approached the world advanced level, nevertheless, actual operation demands still cannot be met by these techniques, mainly manifested in inadequate inspection items, low automation and intelligence level of inspection equipment, insufficient usage of inspection data, and high inspection cost. Due to the above problems, the development of inspection equipment should be oriented towards comprehensive inspection functions, miniaturized and modularized inspection equipment, and intelligent and unmanned inspection process, thereby fostering a modern inspection equipment system featuring high reliability, a full range of inspection items, and accurate inspection data. This system is expected to guide the condition-based maintenance and life cycle management of railway infrastructure.
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图 1 铁路工务、电务、供电检测装备
Figure 1. Inspection equipment for track maintenance, communication and signaling, and power supply of railway
图 6 “Dia.Man.Te”高速综合检测车
Figure 6. "Dia.Man.Te" high-speed comprehensive inspection train
图 7 “New Measurement Train”综合检测车
Figure 7. "New Measurement Train" comprehensive inspection train
图 40 “黄色医生”高速综合检测车的轨道检测系统
Figure 40. Track inspection system of "Doctor Yellow" high-speed comprehensive inspection train
表 1 高速综合检测车轨道检测系统对比
Table 1. Comparison of track inspection systems of high-speed comprehensive inspection trains
国别 型号 最高检测速度(km·h-1) 车辆编组 轨道几何检测原理 其他检测项目 中国 CRH380AJ-0201 400 8节编组，7动1拖 惯性基准法 轮轨作用力、车辆动态响应等 日本 East-i 275 6节编组，4动2拖 弦测法 轮轨作用力、车辆动态响应、轨道表面图像、隧道表观状态、环境噪声等 法国 IRIS 320 320 10节编组，2动8拖 惯性基准法 轮轨作用力、车辆动态响应、轨道表面图像、线路环境图像、环境噪声等 意大利 Dia.Man.Te 330 10节编组，2动8拖 惯性基准法 轮轨作用力、车辆动态响应、建筑限界、线路环境图像等 英国 New Measurement Train 200 7节编组，2动5拖 惯性基准法 车辆动态响应等 
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表 2 各国钢轨探伤车检测系统对比
Table 2. Comparison on inspection systems of rail flaw detection cars from different countries
国别 型号 最高检测速度/(km·h-1) 钢轨内部伤损 钢轨表面伤损 特色功能 中国 GTC-80 80 超声检测，轮式传感器 轨面擦伤与钢轨波磨检测 日本 TOKIMEC 40 超声检测，滑靴式传感器 钢轨廓形与磨耗测量 德/法 UST02 100 超声检测，滑靴式传感器 涡流检测 德国 SPZ3 80 超声检测，滑靴式传感器 涡流检测 钢轨表观状态巡检
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