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摘要: 为解决枢纽机场的航班时刻优化问题，提出了一种考虑延误传播的航班时刻优化方法；根据延误传播因果关系强弱来表征延误传播代价，建立了以最小延误传播代价和最大公平性的双目标函数；为了降低航班时刻存在的先天性延误和保证进离港航班的衔接性，引入了进离港点通行能力、常态化航路流量控制以及航班波特征等约束条件，构建了更加符合枢纽机场运行特征的优化模型；基于求解多目标函数的约束法，设计了两阶段求解算法，将多目标函数求解问题转化为单目标函数求解问题；以上海浦东国际机场为案例，从资源利用率和运行效率两方面进行了试验验证。研究结果表明：优化前4%的时刻属于跑道超负荷运行时刻，优化后不存在跑道超负荷运行时刻；优化前PIKAS和LAMEN大约有5%的时刻、NXD大约有2%的时刻处于超负荷运行，优化后没有进离港点超负荷运行；优化前离港航班平均延误为23 min，有超过50%的时刻延误大于10 min，优化后平均延误为3 min，超过60%的时刻延误小于5 min；优化前进港航班延误为28 min，优化后85%的时刻延误小于5 min；优化前后航班正常率分别为82%、99%，优化后航班正常率提升了17%。可见，优化后的航班时刻在时空分布上更加合理，能够显著提高资源利用率和航班正常率，降低航班延误。Abstract: A flight schedule optimization method considering delay propagation was proposed to solve the flight schedule optimization problem at hub airports. The cost of delay propagation was characterized according to the strength of the causality of delay propagation, and a dual-objective function of the minimum delay propagation cost and maximum fairness was established. The constraints, such as the capacity of arrival and departure ports, normalized route flow control, and flight wave characteristics, were introduced to reduce the inherent delays of flight schedules and ensure the connectivity of arrival and departure flights. On this basis, an optimization model more in line with the operating characteristics of hub airports was constructed. A two-stage solution algorithm based on the constraint method for solving multi-objective functions was designed to transform the solution problem of multi-objective functions into the single-objective functions. Shanghai Pudong International Airport was taken as an example for the experimental verification from the aspects of resource utilization and operational efficiency. Research results show that the runway is overloaded for 4% of the time before optimization, but there is no runway overload after optimization. Before optimization, PIKAS and LAMEN are under overloaded operation for about 5% of the time, and NXD is under overloaded operation for about 2% of the time. After optimization, there is no overloaded operation at the arrival and departure ports. Before optimization, the average delay of departure flights is 23 min, and more than 50% of the delays are greater than 10 min. After optimization, the average delay is 3 min, and more than 60% of the delays are less than 5 min. The average delay of arrival flights before optimization is 28 min, and after optimization, 85% of the delays are less than 5 min. The normal rate of flights before and after optimization is 82% and 99%, respectively, which has an increase of 17%. Therefore, the optimized flight schedule is more reasonable in temporal and spatial distribution, which is capable of significantly improving resource utilization and the normal rate of flights and reducing flight delays.
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Key words:
- air transportation /
- flight schedule optimization /
- hub airport /
- delay propagation /
- fairness /
- constraint method
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图 2 上海浦东国际机场跑道和走廊口分布
Figure 2. Distributions of runways and corridors of Shanghai Pudong International Airport
图 5 上海浦东国际机场延误传播因果关系网络
Figure 5. Causal network of delay propagation at Shanghai Pudong International Airport
图 6 航空公司平均偏移量上界和最大队长与迭代次数之间的关系
Figure 6. Relationship between upper bound of average offset of airline and maximum queue length and number of iterations
表 1 不同机型的最小过站时间
Table 1. Minimum transit time of different models
座位数 常见机型 最小过站时间/min ≤60 AT72、E145、CRJ等 40 61~150 CRJ7、E190、A319、B737(700型以下)等 55 151~250 B737(700型含以上)、B752、B762、B787、A310、A320、A321等 65 251~500 B747、B763、B777、A300、A330、A340、A350、MD11 75 ≥501 A380 120 
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表 2 上海浦东国际机场的影响程度
Table 2. Impact of Shanghai Pudong International Airport
起飞机场 目的地机场 影响程度值 起飞机场 目的地机场 影响程度值 上海浦东国际机场 南充高坪机场 0.000 0 兰州中川国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.243 5 台北桃园国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.008 2 威海大水泊机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.250 3 万州五桥机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.015 0 上海浦东国际机场 潍坊机场 0.277 6 临汾乔李机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.024 3 连云港白塔埠机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.304 9 上海浦东国际机场 营口兰旗机场 0.025 5 合肥新桥国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.325 7 上海浦东国际机场 南京禄口国际机场 0.026 7 上海浦东国际机场 连云港白塔埠机场 0.330 2 上海浦东国际机场 南宁吴圩国际机场 0.034 9 遵义新舟机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.331 8 兴义万峰林机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.036 7 吕梁大武机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.333 9 淮安涟水机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.049 1 上海浦东国际机场 忻州五台山机场 0.338 2 厦门高崎国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.049 8 长春龙嘉国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.357 5 珠海金湾机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.076 5 上海浦东国际机场 唐山三女河机场 0.357 9 上海浦东国际机场 重庆江北国际机场 0.077 5 上海浦东国际机场 鞍山腾鳌机场 0.363 6 上海浦东国际机场 宁波栎社国际机场 0.082 8 桂林两江国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.378 3 成都双流国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.109 9 广元盘龙机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.432 2 上海浦东国际机场 运城关公机场 0.126 6 济宁曲阜机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.437 7 铜仁凤凰机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.152 3 上海浦东国际机场 威海大水泊机场 0.455 9 惠州平潭机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.155 1 天津滨海国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.464 8 井冈山机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.157 8 上海浦东国际机场 天津滨海国际机场 0.487 4 忻州五台山机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.183 4 上海浦东国际机场 武汉天河国际机场 0.512 2 绵阳南郊机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.184 5 上海浦东国际机场 井冈山机场 0.512 7 包头二里半机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.185 3 上海浦东国际机场 合肥新桥国际机场 0.604 2 沈阳桃仙国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.214 3 名古屋中部/新特丽亚机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.765 1 石家庄正定国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.222 5 安顺黄果树机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.837 7 上海浦东国际机场 济宁曲阜机场 0.226 9 长白山机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.840 5 上海浦东国际机场 邯郸机场 0.243 4 重庆江北国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.840 5 兰州中川国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 0.243 5 青岛流亭国际机场 上海浦东国际机场 1.000 0
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