Review on cold recycling technology development of emulsified asphalt and foamed asphalt
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摘要: 针对乳化沥青与泡沫沥青冷再生技术发展过程中的关键问题，介绍了冷再生技术的发展现状，分析了乳化沥青与泡沫沥青混合料的材料组分性能，总结了冷再生沥青混合料配合比设计方法和路面结构设计方法，论述了相关路用性能演化规律以及施工工艺和施工设备，提出了冷再生技术的未来发展趋势。研究结果表明：冷再生沥青混合料的材料组成成分间相互作用机制及强度破坏机理复杂，回收沥青混合料来源和掺量以及沥青老化程度、沥青以及外加剂种类及含量均会显著影响冷再生沥青混合料的材料性能；不同的冷再生沥青混合料设计方法在级配选择、沥青等级、成形方法、养护方式以及性能评价指标等方面差别较大，大多采用试验测试法指导配合比设计；冷再生沥青路面设计方法经历了从经验法到力学-经验法的转变，通常将冷再生材料视为无黏结颗粒材料或者沥青黏结材料进行结构设计，目前仍缺乏符合冷再生沥青混合料材料特性的力学失效设计准则；在工程应用方面，应充分考虑冷再生结构层位及力学响应，明确抗车辙、抗水损害、抗疲劳和低温抗开裂的性能需求，以指导冷再生沥青混合料的材料组成设计；未来应从施工工艺和材料组成两方面加强冷再生沥青混合料性能优化研究，建立以力学指标为基础的养生时间评估体系，完善适用于中国气候条件的冷再生结构层施工规范，加强现场试验的数据检测和收集工作，实现对冷再生沥青路面结构设计方程的有效标定。Abstract: For the key research issues in the development of cold recycling technology of emulsified asphalt and foamed asphalt, the development status of cold recycling technology was introduced. The properties of material components of emulsified asphalt and foamed asphalt mixture were analyzed. The design methods of mix ratio of cold-recycled asphalt mixture and pavement structure were summarized. The evolution law of related road performance and construction technologies and equipment were discussed. The development trend of cold recycling technology in the future was proposed. Research results show that the interaction and strength failure mechanisms between material components of cold-recycled asphalt mixture are complicated. The material properties of cold-recycled asphalt mixture can be significantly affected by the source and content of recycled asphalt pavement, the aging degree of asphalt, and the type and content of asphalt and admixture. Different design methods of cold-recycled asphalt mixture are greatly different in terms of gradation selection, asphalt grade, forming method, maintenance method, and performance evaluation indexes. Most of them employ the experimental test method to guide the design of the mix ratio. The design method of cold-recycled asphalt pavement has experienced a transformation from an empirical method to a mechanical-empirical one. It usually regards the cold-recycled materials as unbonded granular materials or asphalt bonding materials for the structural design. At present, the mechanical failure design principles conforming to the material properties of cold-recycled asphalt mixture are still lacking. As for the engineering application, the cold-recycled structure layer and its mechanical response should be fully considered. The performance requirements of resistance to rutting, water damage, fatigue, and low temperature cracking should be identified to guide the design of material composition of cold-recycled asphalt mixture. In the future, the research on the performance optimization of cold-recycled asphalt mixture should be strengthened from the two aspects of construction technology and material composition. The maintenance time evaluation system based on the mechanical index needs to be established. Meanwhile, the construction specifications of cold-recycled structure layers suitable for China's climatic conditions should be further improved. Moreover, the data detection and collection of field test roads need to be strengthed to achieve the effective calibration of the structure design equation of cold-recycled asphalt pavement.
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图 1 北美CIR、CCPR和FDR规范制定彩色编码
Figure 1. Color-codes of CIR, CCPR and FDR specifications in North America
图 4 冷再生沥青复合胶浆微观形貌特征
Figure 4. Micromorphological characteristics of cold-recycled asphalt composite mortar
图 5 沥青含量随RAP料掺量增加的变化
Figure 5. Change of asphalt content with the increase of RAP content
图 7 车辙预估值与现场测量值对比
Figure 7. Rutting comparison between estimated value and field measured value
图 9 就地冷再生技术施工工艺
Figure 9. Construction technology of in-place cold recycling technology
表 1 不同冷再生技术的病害适用类型
Table 1. Disease applicability types of different cold recycling technologies
再生类别 就地冷再生 厂拌冷再生 全深式冷再生 处置深度/mm 75~100 75~150 100~300 病害处置类型 路表病害(松散、坑槽、泛油) √a ×b ×b 变形类病害 磨耗性车辙 ×b ×b ×b 失稳性车辙 √ Δ ×b 结构性车辙 √ √ ×b 沉陷/波浪/拥包 √ ×b ×b 裂缝类病害 块状裂缝 √c √c √ 反射裂缝 × × × 纵向裂缝 √ √d ×b 温缩裂缝、温度疲劳裂缝 × × × 
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表 2 不同类型沥青乳液与集料的相容性
Table 2. Compatibilities of different types of asphalt emulsion with aggregates
乳液类型 集料类型 相对程度 破乳速度 黏附效果 阴离子型 酸性 慢 差 阴离子型 碱性 中 好 阳离子型 酸性 快 极好 阳离子型 碱性 快 好
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表 3 冷再生沥青混合料设计方法汇总
Table 3. Summary of cold-recycled asphalt mixture design methods
经验公式法 AI设计法 确定RAP料级配和沥青含量；添加新料进行级配调整；选择乳化沥青种类和等级；
根据混合料级配及经验公式预估沥青用量；根据现场经验确定沥青用量俄勒冈州设计法 确定RAP料级配、沥青含量、抽提后集料级配、老化沥青黏度及针入度；根据经验公式
回归乳化沥青用量试验测试法 Marshall法 确定RAP料级配及含水率；确定最佳乳化沥青含量：固定含水率，成型并养护马歇尔试件，
测试其毛体积密度、最大理论密度、马歇尔稳定度以及流值；基于最佳沥青含量和
目标孔隙率，确定最佳含水量Hveem设计法 确定RAP料级配和老化沥青含量，测试老化沥青黏度；基于沥青膜厚度要求计算沥青
总用量，并确定再生剂用量；确定再生剂等级；保持含水率2%，基于维姆稳定度和
孔隙率指标确定最佳乳化沥青用量宾夕法尼亚州设计法 确定RAP料级配和沥青含量，测试老化沥青黏度和针入度；保持乳化沥青用量2.5%，进行裹附
试验确定最佳含水量；基于最佳含水量测试回弹模量、最大相对密度；确定最佳乳化沥青用量Superpave设计法 RAP料级配和沥青含量，测试针入度、老化点、延度等；基于老化沥青指标和再生沥青要求
确定乳化沥青；旧料掺配率的选择与确定；再生混合料级配设计；基于孔隙率、矿料
空隙率、沥青饱和度和动稳定度等指标确定最佳沥青含量
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表 4 Marshall、Superpave和Hveem设计方法对比分析
Table 4. Comparative analysis of Marshall, Superpave and Hveem design methods
设计方法 优点 缺点 Marshall 方法简单易行；试验设备
经济；体积参数明确，有利于提高耐久性成型方法与真实压实过程差异较大；测试指标不足以全面评价混合料性能；无法判别交通量对技术指标的要求；仅适用于连续
密级配的混合料设计Superpave 能够更真实模拟路面实际压实状况；对集料和沥青材料进行全面测试和评估；充分考虑了集料开口吸收沥青的部分 对控制点和禁区的规定缺乏理论依据；压实易造成RAP料破碎，粉料增多；力学和现场性能预测模型不够完善 Hveem 能够较好地模拟路面实际压实特性；维姆稳定度和黏聚力反映混合料抗剪强度；提供较多与混合料膨胀相关的参数 有关混合料体积性能的参数不充分；设备昂贵
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