Stiffness characteristics and life prediction of rail pads of subway damping fasteners
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摘要: 为了研究地铁减振扣件弹性垫在服役过程中刚度敏感性和对线路环境振动的影响，以南京地铁多条运营线路中抽取的压缩型减振扣件为研究对象，开展了压缩型扣件轨下弹性垫服役刚度特性、常温下疲劳特性和热加速疲劳老化特性等多环境室内综合测试；基于测试结果对比分析了新旧压缩型扣件轨下弹性垫使用时间与刚度变化的相关性，得到了轨下弹性垫的时间-寿命特性曲线，提出了轨下弹性垫刚度变化百分比与使用时间的寿命预测模型。研究结果表明：在周期性轮轨载荷和线路温湿碱环境等综合作用下，地铁减振扣件轨下弹性垫的服役刚度随使用时间呈线性增加趋势，其弹性发生了性能退化；新的轨下弹性垫热加速疲劳老化刚度曲线与服役抽样轨下弹性垫的刚度曲线趋势基本一致，即轨下弹性垫的热加速循环老化试验能够模拟或演化轨道交通线路的热机械循环载荷等现场条件；基于Arrhenius寿命-应力热加速老化模型，轨下弹性垫服役应力和加速老化应力下的加速因子分别为1.99和1.36，进而可通过加速因子预测减振扣件轨下弹性垫的更换周期。Abstract: In order to study the stiffness sensitivity of rail pads of subway damping fasteners in service and their influence on line environmental vibration, the compression-type damping fasteners extracted from several operating lines of Nanjing Metro were taken as the research object, and the multi-environmental indoor comprehensive tests of the stiffness characteristics, fatigue characteristics at room temperature, and thermal accelerated fatigue aging characteristics of rail pads of the compression-type fasteners in service were carried out. Based on the test results, the correlations between service time and stiffness change of rail pads of new and old compression-type fasteners were compared and analyzed. The time-life characteristic curves of rail pads were obtained, and the life prediction model for the percentage change in stiffness and service time of the rail pads was proposed. Research results indicate that under the combined effect of periodic wheel-rail loads and the temperature, humidity, and alkaline environment of the line, the service stiffness of rail pads of the subway damping fasteners increases linearly with service time, and the elasticity of rail pads undergoes performance degradation. The stiffness curve trend of the new rail pads under thermal accelerated fatigue aging is basically consistent with the stiffness curve trend of the sampled rail pads in service. In other words, the thermal accelerated cyclic aging test of the rail pads can simulate or evolve on-site conditions such as the thermal mechanical cyclic load of the line. Based on the Arrhenius life-stress thermal accelerated aging model, the acceleration factors of rail pads under service stress and accelerated aging stress are 1.99 and 1.36, respectively, which can be used to predict the replacement cycle of rail pads of the damping fasteners.
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图 7 轨下弹性垫动静刚度比随使用时间变化曲线
Figure 7. Curve of stiffness ratio with service time of rail pad
图 8 扣件与轨下弹性垫刚度随使用时间关系
Figure 8. Relationships between stiffness and service time of fastener and rail pad
图 9 轨下弹性垫高温下时间与刚度关系
Figure 9. Relationship between time and stiffness of rail pad at high temperature
图 12 热加速疲劳老化循环次数与刚度关系
Figure 12. Relationship between thermal accelerated fatigue aging cycles and stiffness
图 13 刚度变化率与循环次数、使用时间关系
Figure 13. Rate of stiffness change in relation to cycles and service time
表 1 试验方法与参数
Table 1. Test methods and parameters
试验方法 样件类型 服役时间/月 试验类型 数量/件 载荷参数 1 线路垫板 24~66 动静刚度 3 每天388列，15万人次 2 新垫板 0 静态刚度 3 割线静刚度载荷为15、45 kN 3 新垫板 0 加热静刚度 3 割线静刚度载荷为15、45 kN，周期为30 d，温度为80 ℃ 4 新垫板 0 常温循环疲劳 3 疲劳幅值为8~45 kN，加载频率为4 Hz，循环次数为6.0×106 5 新垫板 0 热加速疲劳老化 3 温度为80 ℃，加载频率为4 Hz，循环次数为6.0×106，刚度取值为15、45 kN 
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