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摘要: 针对黄土裸露边坡水土流失严重的问题，总结了黄土边坡坡面防护技术的重要研究成果，梳理了坡面工程防护技术的发展历程，探讨了边坡植被防护技术的主要研究方向与不足，分析了固化黄土的抗剪强度、水稳特性等护坡性能与效果，展望了黄土边坡坡面防护技术未来的研究趋势。研究结果表明：坡面工程防护技术包括圬工防护技术、骨架结构防护技术、土工格室柔性防护技术等，发展历程为圬工作业逐渐精细化，含细分框格的新结构、新材料、新工艺不断涌现；边坡植被防护技术一般从植被天然护坡效应、植生措施、植物选取搭配开展研究与应用，但由于忽略黄土本身较强的水敏性与较差的土壤肥力，导致坡面植被后续生长乏力，无法单纯依靠植被本身进行坡面防护；不同固化材料处理条件下黄土的护坡性能与效果各有特点，尤其生物胶与纤维可在生态效应和长期稳定性方面起到积极协同作用，使得胶-筋固化黄土表现出优良的抗侵蚀效果和土水保持能力，具有较大的应用潜力和前景；明确工程结构、植被、固化黄土一体化的综合生态护坡技术是边坡防护工程发展的必然趋势，同时提出应将固化黄土防脱技术、生态材料修复技术、边坡防护安全生态监测系统、护坡时效性评估方法以及植物搭配景观设计等方面作为未来的重点研究方向。Abstract: To address the serious water and soil erosion on exposed loess slopes, some significant research achievements on the surface protection technologies of loess slope were concluded. The development process of slope engineering protection technologies was outlined. The research directions and shortcomings in slope vegetation protection technologies were discussed. Slope protection performances and effects, such as shear strength and water stability of solidified loess, were analyzed. The future trend of surface protection technologies of loess slope was prospected. Research results show that slope engineering protection technologies include masonry protection, skeleton structure protection, geocell flexible protection, etc. The development process can be described as the gradual refinement of masonry operations, including the emergence of new structures, materials, and technologies on subdivided grids. Slope vegetation protection technologies generally conducts research and application from natural slope protection effect of vegetation, vegetation measures, and plant selection and matching. But it neglects the strong water sensitivity and barren soil fertility of loess, which leads to poor subsequent growth of slope vegetation. Therefore, slope protection cannot rely solely on vegetation. Slope protection performance and effect of loess are different under different curing material treatment conditions. Especially, biopolymers and fiber can play a positive synergistic role in maintaining long-term stability and ecology. Biopolymer-fiber-reinforced loess thus shows excellent anti-erosion effect and soil-water retention ability, which has great application potential and prospect. It is clear that the integrated ecological slope protection technology integrating engineering structure, vegetation, and solidified loess is a foreseeable trend in slope protection engineering. In addition, five areas are taken as the key research directions, including anti-scouring technology of solidified loess, restoration technology of ecological material, safe ecological monitoring system of slope protection, aging evaluation method of slope protection, and landscape design of plant matching.
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图 13 纤维加筋黄土护坡特性的变化曲线
Figure 13. Variation curves of slope protection characteristics of fiber-reinforced loess
图 16 胶结固化黄土护坡特性的变化曲线
Figure 16. Variation curves of slope protection characteristics of biopolymer-reinforced loess
图 19 室外试验的边坡模型生态防护效果
Figure 19. Ecological protection effects of slope models in outdoor test
图 21 南沟村加筋黄土护坡技术应用
Figure 21. Application of reinforced loess slope protection technology in Nangou Village
图 22 银百高速加筋黄土护坡技术应用的侵蚀结果
Figure 22. Erosion results of application of reinforced loess slope protection technology in Yinbai Expressway
图 23 南沟村固化黄土生态护坡技术应用
Figure 23. Application of solidified loess ecological slope protection technology in Nangou Village
表 1 黄土高原各气候区的植物品种建议
Table 1. Suggestions on plant varieties in different climatic zones of loess plateau
气候区 年降雨量/mm 自然或引种主要植被 Ⅰ温暖带半湿润气候区 430~750 侧柏、槐、刺槐、泡桐、香椿、毛白杨、沙兰杨、旱柳、白榆、水杉、紫穗槐、火炬树、迎春树、枸杞、酸枣、黄背草、白草、箭杆杨、15号杨、尤金杨、臭椿、槐树、柳树、苦楝、楸树、白榆、枣树、花椒、石榴、白腊、辽东栎、麻栎、栓皮栎、油松、白皮松、华山松、山杨、白桦、杜栎、虎榛子、杭子梢、白刺花、沙棘、荆条、酸刺、黄刺梅、扁核木、菅草、狼尾草、大油芒、黑麦草、蒿类、苜蓿等 Ⅱ温暖带半干旱气候区 450~570 旱柳、河蒴尧花、达乌里胡枝子、忍冬、多花栒子、丁香、三桠绣线菊、沙棘、紫穗槐、柠条、柽柳、文冠果、杞柳、蒿类、白羊草、本氏羽茅、苜蓿等 Ⅲ中温带半湿润气候区 440~700 油松、侧柏、辽东栎、桦木、沙棘、狼牙刺、虎榛子、山樱桃、山桃、杠柳、文冠果、卫茅、栒子木、黄刺梅、胡枝子、荆条、忍冬、丁香、酸枣、杜梨、白草、马牙草、蒿类、多裂委陵菜、本氏羽茅、山杨、白桦、山毛桃、锦鸡儿、榛子、白蒿、百里香、铁干蒿、黄背草、冷蒿、龙胆、华山松、白皮松、灰栒子、珍珠梅、黄刺梅、锦鸡儿、细叶苔、紫花针茅、茵陈嵩、青杄、青杨、旱柳等；人工栽培的有刺槐、泡桐、楸树、臭椿、小叶杨、毛白杨、河北杨、沙兰杨、青杨、槐树、灰楸、白榆、苜蓿等 Ⅳ中温带半干旱气候区 252~430 黄土丘陵有羊草、糙隐子草、本氏羽茅、克氏针茅、扁茎黄芩、甘草、硬质早熟禾；晋西以沙棘、针茅、蒿类为主；天然分布的有山桃、扁核木、矮锦鸡儿、柠条、沙棘、丁香、狼牙刺、达乌里胡枝子、百里香、嵩类、大针茅、冰草、短花针茅、翻白草、铁杆蒿、多列委陵菜、龙胆、柽柳、野枸杞；人工栽培的有沙棘、锦鸡儿、臭椿、旱柳、柽柳、沙棘、山毛桃、杞柳、青杨、柳、荒漠锦鸡儿、白刺、针茅、冰草、芨芨草、狼毒、针茅、骆驼刺、柠条、杨树、旱柳、百榆、金露梅、化香、栒子、沙棘、苜蓿等 Ⅴ中温带干旱气候区 185~204 黄土丘陵有红砂、猫儿刺、盐抓抓、本氏羽茅、针茅、簇蒿、铁杆蒿、小黄菊、三裂艾菊、鹅冠草、芨芨草、白刺；人工栽培的有槐树、银白杨、白榆、臭椿、旱柳等 
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表 2 素黄土与固化黄土的典型护坡特性对比
Table 2. Comparison of typical slope protection characteristics between plain loess and solidified loess
土样名称 纤维掺量/ % 纤维长度/ mm 瓜尔豆胶掺量/% 黏聚力/ kPa 内摩擦角/ (°) 崩解率/ % 渗透系数/ (cm·s-1) 裂隙率/ % 素黄土 18.43 28.31 100 5.59×10-6 2.556 5 纤维加筋黄土 0.5 15 36.99 31.00 59 1.19×10-5 0.268 6 胶结固化黄土 1.0 45.92 30.30 15 8.90×10-7 4.836 5 胶-筋固化黄土 0.5 15 1.0 57.64 31.60 9 2.34×10-6 0.198 3
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