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摘要: 梳理了轮轨列车、电磁悬浮列车、超导钉扎悬浮列车与超导电动悬浮列车台架试验台的研究进展，分析了超导电动悬浮列车推进线圈与悬浮线圈在超导线圈侧产生的空间磁场分布，提出了超导磁体电磁激振试验台的总体方案；介绍了电磁激振试验台核心组成子系统激磁模组和变流系统，提出了变流系统的多频复合电流闭环控制策略；仿真对比了超导磁体在线上运行和电磁激振线下模拟2种工况下的背景空间磁场、电磁载荷与振动加速度响应。研究结果表明：推进线圈和悬浮线圈主要空间谐波磁场阶次分别为2次和5次，对应引起超导线圈产生3倍频和6倍频电磁力波动；通流控制策略可实现二十四相激磁模组直流、3倍频和6倍频电流的控制；电磁激振试验台获取的主要电磁载荷与真实运行情况比较吻合，其中稳态推进力误差不大于3.4%，稳态悬浮力误差不大于8.0%，主要的3倍频与6倍频转矩误差分别不大于6.5%、8.5%；超导磁体各测点加速度响应的线上运行值及线下模拟值趋势与幅值基本吻合。可见，该试验台能够很好地复现实际运行环境下车载超导磁体的背景磁场、电磁载荷与加速度响应，总体方案的有效性得到验证。Abstract: The research progresses of test benches of the wheel-rail train, electromagnetic suspension train, superconducting pinned suspension train, and superconducting electrodynamic suspension train were reviewed. The spatial magnetic field distribution on the superconducting coil side generated by the propulsion coils and levitation coils of the superconducting electrodynamic suspension train was analyzed. The overall solution of the electromagnetic vibration test bench for superconducting magnets was proposed, and the excitation module serving as the subsystem, and the converter system were introduced, which were core components of the electromagnetic vibration test bench. In addition, a multi-frequency composite current closed-loop control strategy for the converter system was proposed. The background spatial magnetic field, electromagnetic load, and vibration acceleration response of superconducting magnets under online operation and offline electromagnetic vibration simulation were simulated and compared. Research results indicate that the main spatial harmonic magnetic field orders of the propulsion coils and levitation coils are the second and the fifth, respectively. Correspondingly, they cause electromagnetic force fluctuations in the third and sixth harmonic frequencies of the superconducting coils. The current control strategy can achieve the control of the 24-phase excitation modules direct current, as well as third and sixth harmonic frequencies currents. The main electromagnetic loads obtained by the electromagnetic vibration test bench are consistent with the actual operating conditions. Specifically, the steady-state propulsion force error is no more than 3.4%, the steady-state levitation force error is no more than 8.0%, and the torque errors of the main third and sixth harmonic frequencies are no more than 6.5% and 8.5%, respectively. The trends and amplitudes of online operation values and offline simulation values of acceleration responses of each observation point of the superconducting magnets are basically consistent. It can be seen that the test bench can well reproduce the background magnetic field, electromagnetic load, and acceleration response of the on-board superconducting magnets in the actual operating environment, and the effectiveness of the overall solution has been verified.
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图 2 超导电动悬浮列车悬浮与推进拓扑
Figure 2. Topology of levitation and propulsion of superconducting EDS train
图 8 激磁线圈拓扑及其与超导线圈空间位置关系
Figure 8. Topology of excitation coils and its spatial position relationship with superconducting coils
图 9 模拟悬浮线圈空间磁场的相序定义
Figure 9. Phase sequence definition for simulating spatial magnetic field of levitation coils
图 10 模拟推进线圈空间磁场时相序定义
Figure 10. Phase sequence definition for simulating spatial magnetic field of propulsion coils
图 11 激磁线圈空间布置与线圈编号定义
Figure 11. Spatial arrangement and number definition of excitation coils
图 14 功率模组电路原理及水冷结构
Figure 14. Power module circuit principle and water cooling structure
图 18 线上运行与线下模拟的磁场
Figure 18. Magnetic fields for online operation and offline simulation
图 19 超导线圈编号及电磁载荷定义
Figure 19. Superconducting coils number and electromagnetic load definition
图 20 线上运行与线下模拟电磁载荷对比
Figure 20. Comparison of electromagnetic loads between online operation and offline simulation
图 21 超导线圈加速度响应观测点
Figure 21. Observation points for acceleration response of superconducting coils
图 22 各观测点线上运行与线下模拟加速度响应对比
Figure 22. Comparison of acceleration responses between online operation and offline simulation at observation points
表 1 激磁线圈通流相序与极性
Table 1. Phase sequence and polarity of excitation coils
线圈位置 线圈编号 谐波模拟 静力模拟 电动悬浮(6倍频)/(°) 直线同步电机(3倍频)/(°) 悬浮 导向 推进 前层 1/1′ 0/180 0/0 +/- -/- +/+ 2/2′ -60/120 120/120 +/- -/- 3/3′ -120/60 -120/-120 +/- -/- -/- 4/4′ 180/0 0/0 -/+ +/+ -/- 5/5′ 120/-60 120/120 -/+ +/+ 6/6′ 60/-120 -120/-120 -/+ +/+ +/+ 后层 1/1′ 150/-30 60/60 +/- -/- +/+ 2/2′ 90/-90 180/180 +/- -/- 3/3′ 30/-150 -180/-180 +/- -/- -/- 4/4′ -30/150 60/60 -/+ +/+ -/- 5/5′ -90/90 180/180 -/+ +/+ 6/6′ -150/30 -60/-60 -/+ +/+ +/+ 
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表 2 电磁激振试验台指标
Table 2. Indexes of electromagnetic vibration test bench
指标 数值 基波磁场极距/m 1.5 离线模拟速度/(km·h-1) 0~1 000 电磁间隙/mm 85 悬浮直流载荷模拟能力/kN ≥140 推进直流载荷模拟能力/kN ≥11.5 悬浮6倍频波动模拟频带/Hz 0~560 推进3倍频波动模拟频带/Hz 0~300 持续工作时间/h ≥2
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