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摘要: 为促进交通与能源融合发展，构建了以风-光-储为供电侧，高速公路用电设备为需求侧，且具有合理运行规则的高速公路自洽能源系统架构；以风-光-储设备数量为规划变量，系统等年值成本为优化目标，缺电概率和弃风弃光量等为约束条件，建立了自洽能源系统的规划模型；将设定的系统运行规则转化成具体的运行策略，以西部某地区风、光历史数据及负荷需求数据为输入，进行了算例仿真。研究结果表明：微电网联通功率上限的提升可使自洽能源系统的经济成本明显下降, 当微电网联通功率上限由0增加到1 000 kW时，系统等年值成本减少了8.53%；新能源消纳率的提高将造成经济成本抬升，过高的新能源消纳率追求甚至将导致经济成本的急速攀升，弃风弃光量约束力度的加强使新能源消纳率上涨了9.05%，等年值成本随之上涨了73.86%；负荷分级管理的应用可大幅降低系统经济成本，一级负荷的缺电概率上限不变，将二级和三级负荷的缺电概率上限从0分别改设为0.05和0.20时，自洽能源系统的等年值成本甚至减少了90.97%。可见，微电网联通、负荷分级管理的应用以及合理的新能源消纳率要求可使高速公路自洽能源系统规划的成本更具合理性。Abstract: To promote the integrated development of transportation and energy, an architecture of highway self-consistent energy system was constructed, with wind-photovoltaic-storage as the power supply side and highway electricity equipment as the demand side. The architecture was equipped with reasonable operation rules. Besides, a planning model for the self-consistent energy system was built with the number of wind-photovoltaic-storage equipment as the planning variable, the equivalent annual cost of system as the optimization objective, the probability of power shortage and the amount of curtailed wind and photovoltaic power as the constraints. Simulations were performed with wind and solar historical data and load demand data in a certain western region as inputs after the operation rules being transformed into specific strategies. Research results indicate that the upper limit increase in microgrid interconnection power can significantly reduce the cost of the self-consistent energy system. When the upper limit of microgrid interconnection power increases from 0 to 1 000 kW, the equivalent annual cost of the system decreases by 8.53%. A new energy accommodation rate increase will lead to rising cost. Too high pursuit of new energy accommodation rates can even result in a sharp cost rise. The strengthening of constraints on curtailed wind and photovoltaic power leads to a 9.05% increase in new energy accommodation rate, while the equivalent annual cost increases by 73.86%. The application of hierarchical load management can significantly reduce the economic cost of the system. When the upper limit of the loss of load probability for primary load remains unchanged, and tertiary loads change respectively from 0 to 0.05 and 0.20, the equivalent annual cost of self-consistent energy system even reduces by 90.97%. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the application of microgrid interconnection and hierarchical load management, and the appropriate new energy accommodation rate requirements can make the cost of highway self-consistent energy system planning more reasonable. 10 tabs, 11 figs, 46 refs.
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图 8 某时段联通功率分布对比
Figure 8. Comparison of connection power distributions within a certain period
图 10 考虑负荷分级和新能源消耗率的年联通功率分布对比
Figure 10. Comparison of annual connection power distributions considering load grading and new energy consumption rate
图 11 考虑负荷分级和新能源消耗率的某时段联通功率对比分布
Figure 11. Comparison of connection power distributions within a certain period considering load grading and new energy consumption rate
表 1 高速公路能耗设施分类与组成
Table 1. Classification and composition of highway energy consumption facilities
高速公路能耗设施 能耗项目 能耗设备 隧道 照明 照明灯具 通风系统 风扇 监测系统 监测设备 消防系统 消防器材 供电系统 供配电设备 交通安全设施 交通信号灯等 收费站 收费通道 收费设备 监测系统 监测设备 照明 照明灯具 收费站供配电系统 电源供应器、分布设备 服务区 综合服务楼 照明、办公和餐饮 综合能源服务站 充电桩等 厕所 相关设施和设备 停车场 照明 维修室 相关设施和设备 维修中心 维护和操作 维修设备 生活区 生活能耗 生活和办公设备 车辆能耗 交通通勤 运营管理中心 办公室 办公设备和设施 沿线设施 监测系统 监测设备 通信系统 通信设备 照明 照明灯具 交通安全设施 交通安全设备 
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表 2 高速公路用电负荷分级
Table 2. Classification of electrical loads on highway
用电负荷等级 主要设备 一级负荷 供配电设备、监测设备、通信设备、防灾报警系统设备、重要办公设备、重要消防器材和应急照明设备 二级负荷 收费设备、管理中心及服务区照明、一般消防系统设施、充电桩、维修设备 三级负荷 其他用电设备
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表 3 情景分类
Table 3. Classification of scenarios
情景 MG1 MG2 MG3 1 ΔP1(t)≥0 ΔP2(t) < 0 ΔP3(t)≥0 2 ΔP1(t) < 0 ΔP2(t) < 0 ΔP3(t)≥0 3 ΔP1(t)≥0 ΔP2(t) < 0 ΔP3(t) < 0 4 ΔP1(t) < 0 ΔP2(t) < 0 ΔP3(t) < 0 5 ΔP1(t)≥0 ΔP2(t)≥0 ΔP3(t)≥0 6 ΔP1(t) < 0 ΔP2(t)≥0 ΔP3(t)≥0 7 ΔP1(t)≥0 ΔP2(t)≥0 ΔP3(t) < 0 8 ΔP1(t) < 0 ΔP2(t)≥0 ΔP3(t) < 0
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表 4 光伏板参数
Table 4. PV panel parameters
设备参数 数值 降额因数 0.8 标准测试条件下光伏板温度/℃ 25 额定功率/kW 10 初始投资成本/元 45 000 置换成本/元 45 000 年运维成本/元 300 寿命/年 20
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表 5 风机参数
Table 5. Wind turbine parameters
设备参数 数值 额定风速/(m·s-1) 10 切入风速/(m·s-1) 2.5 切出风速/(m·s-1) 45 轮毂高度/m 150 额定功率/kW 100 初始投资成本/元 300 000 置换成本/元 300 000 年运维成本/元 1 200 寿命/年 20
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表 6 蓄电池参数
Table 6. Battery parameters
设备参数 数值 放电深度 0.2~0.8 充电效率 0.85 放电效率 0.9 额定容量/(A·h) 1 000 额定电压/V 2 初始投资成本/元 1 320 置换成本/元 1 320 运维成本/(元·kW-1) 0.2 寿命/年 5
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表 7 不同联通功率上限下的系统配置结果对比
Table 7. Comparison of system configuration results under different upper limits of connection power
P1-2, max /kW P3-2, max/kW Vwt, 1/kW Ves, 1/(kW·h) Vwt, 2/kW Vpv, 2/kW Ves, 2/(kW·h) Vpv, 3/kW Ves, 3/(kW·h) Cin, a/万元 Crep, a/万元 Com, a/万元 Ca/万元 Rres/% 0 0 30 300 165 800 27 900 192 000 4 448 000 17 230 288 500 51 114 52 997 9 292 113 403 51.31 100 100 29 100 165 800 28 300 191 940 4 445 400 17 220 288 500 51 062 52 969 9 241 113 273 51.50 300 300 26 600 165 800 29 700 191 650 4 440 700 17 180 288 600 50 970 52 919 9 122 113 012 51.81 500 500 24 200 165 800 28 100 192 690 4 437 900 17 160 288 600 50 862 52 889 9 111 112 862 52.54 1 000 1 000 21 100 165 800 27 700 193 150 4 436 900 17 050 288 600 50 749 52 878 8 988 112 614 53.29
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表 8 不同Rres要求下的配置结果对比
Table 8. Comparison of different configuration results under different Rres requirements
方案 Vwt, 1/kW Ves, 1/(kW·h) Vwt, 2/kW Vpv, 2/kW Ves, 2/(kW·h) Vpv, 3/kW Ves, 3/(kW·h) Cin, a/万元 Crep, a/万元 Com, a/万元 Ca/万元 Rres/% 1 6 700 3 726 700 3 700 147 810 86 697 600 17 600 288 400 712 345 980 662 11 909 1 704 915 95.92 2 7 000 3 181 200 6 600 159 030 44 886 400 17 560 288 400 384 685 522 759 10 837 918 281 81.21 3 8 900 896 600 12 400 165 160 26 165 500 17 500 288 600 222 437 295 678 10 057 528 172 72.16 4 8 900 894 100 7 400 181 670 12 619 700 17 380 288 500 118 096 149 212 10 161 277 468 66.84 5 21 100 165 800 27 700 194 290 4 433 800 17 040 288 600 50 932 52 713 9 001 112 646 52.17
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表 9 配置结果对比
Table 9. Comparison of configuration results
是否切负荷 Vwt, 1/kW Ves, 1/(kW·h) Vwt, 2/kW Vpv, 2/kW Ves, 2/(kW·h) Vpv, 3/kW Ves, 3/(kW·h) Cin, a/万元 Crep, a/万元 Com, a/万元 Ca/万元 Rres/% 否 8 900 896 600 12 400 165 160 26 165 500 17 500 288 600 222 437 295 678 10 057 528 172 72.16 是 12 800 661 000 16 800 14 180 663 100 17 340 271 600 21 828 17 251 8 634 47 712 70.24
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表 10 不同联通功率上限下的系统配置结果对比
Table 10. Comparison of system configuration results under different connection power limits
P1-2, max/kW P3-2, max/kW Vwt, 1/kW Ves, 1/(kW·h) Vwt, 2/kW Vpv, 2/kW Ves, 2/(kW·h) Vpv, 3/kW Ves, 3/(kW·h) Cin, a/万元 Crep, a/万元 Com, a/万元 Ca/万元 Rres/% 0 0 11 200 932 200 18 200 142 480 614 000 17 210 271 700 23 570 19 653 8 877 52 099 70.30 100 100 11 600 868 500 17 700 142 560 627 400 17 230 271 700 23 181 19 109 8 868 51 159 70.28 300 300 12 500 755 300 17 300 141 860 681 000 17 290 271 700 22 703 18 465 8 824 49 991 70.27 500 500 12 900 674 100 16 200 142 540 678 000 17 310 271 600 22 062 17 553 8 810 48 425 70.25 1 000 1 000 13 700 609 200 15 700 142 080 708 000 17 340 271 600 21 779 17 176 8 698 476 53 70.23
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