Review on frictional properties and residual life prediction of spherical plain bearing
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摘要: 从外部因素和表面处理两方面梳理了关节轴承摩擦学性能的研究进展，从模型预测和数模联动预测两方面概述了关节轴承剩余寿命预测的研究进展；剖析了作用载荷、环境温度、摆动周期、润滑材料、表面涂层、表面改性、表面织构及表面加工对关节轴承摩擦学性能的影响；探讨了关节轴承寿命的影响因素及预测方法。研究结果表明：外部因素对关节轴承摩擦学性能影响较大，大多情况下均是多因素相互耦合，需要阐明外部因素对关节轴承摩擦磨损的作用机理，进而设计关节轴承的结构、润滑方式及耐磨材料等；表面处理能够减小关节轴承摩擦副的磨损，为了采用表面处理改善关节轴承摩擦副的摩擦磨损，需阐明涂层参数、改性工艺、织构参数及加工工艺等对关节轴承摩擦学性能的影响规律，进而研发具有成本低、可靠性高、能源消耗低及环境污染小等特点的表面处理方法，提升关节轴承的摩擦学性能；影响关节轴承剩余寿命的内外因素较多，为了准确地预测关节轴承的剩余寿命，需要分析服役工况下关节轴承的工作状态及摩擦磨损情况，进而构建可靠的寿命预测模型和评估方法，预测关节轴承的剩余寿命。Abstract: The research progress of the frictional properties of the spherical plain bearing was sorted out from two aspects of the external factor and surface treatment. The research progress of the residual life prediction of the spherical plain bearing was reviewed in terms of model prediction and data-model fusion prediction. The effects of the load, environmental temperature, swing cycle, lubricating materials, surface coating, surface modification, surface texture, and surface processing on the frictional properties of the spherical plain bearing were analyzed. The influencing factors and prediction methods of the spherical plain bearing life were discussed. Research results show that external factors have a significant influence on the friction and wear of the spherical plain bearing. In most cases, multiple factors are usually coupled during operation. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of the external factors on the friction and wear of spherical plain bearing, then the structure, lubrication mode and wear-resistant material of the joint bearing can be designed. Surface treatment can reduce the wear of spherical plain bearing friction pairs, and to improve the friction and wear of spherical plain bearing friction pairs by surface treatment, it is necessary to clarify the influence rules of coating parameters, modification process, texture parameters, and processing technology on the frictional properties of spherical plain bearing, so as to develop a surface treatment method with characteristics such as low cost, high reliability, low energy consumption, and minimal environmental pollution and enhance the frictional properties of the spherical plain bearing. There are many internal and external factors that affect the residual life of the spherical plain bearing. To accurately predict the residual life of the spherical plain bearing, it is necessary to analyze the operating conditions and friction and wear of the spherical plain bearing under service conditions. As a result, a reliable life prediction model and evaluation method can be established to predict the residual life of the spherical plain bearing.
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图 5 环境温度对摩擦因数和磨损量的影响
Figure 5. Effects of environmental temperature on friction coefficient and wear amount
图 6 PTFE/Kevlar织物的摩擦因数随摆动周期的变化
Figure 6. Variations of friction coefficient of PTFE/Kevlar fabric with swing cycle
图 7 摆动频率对摩擦因数和磨损量的影响
Figure 7. Effects of swing frequency on friction coefficient and wear amount
图 8 摆动周期对关节轴承摩擦学性能的影响
Figure 8. Effects of swing cycles on frictional property of spherical plain bearing
图 10 Ni-P/PTFE复合材料的摩擦因数
Figure 10. Friction coefficients of Ni-P/PTFE composite materials
表 1 涂层制备技术的分类与特点
Table 1. Classification and characteristics of coating preparation technologies
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表 2 表面处理减摩抗磨的特点
Table 2. Anti-friction and anti-wear characteristics of surface treatment
处理技术 特点 表面涂层 在关节轴承摩擦副表面制备软、硬或多层薄膜，能形成摩擦转移膜，减小摩擦因数，提升摩擦学性能，获得减摩抗磨的效果 表面改性 对关节轴承摩擦副表面进行物化处理，获得较高的硬度和较小的粗糙度，实现较优的减摩抗磨效果 表面织构 在关节轴承摩擦副表面加工凹槽、凹坑或凸起等，或在外圈内球面粘结自润滑织物衬垫，减小摩擦副的接触面积，储存润滑剂、磨粒和磨削，减小磨损 表面加工 改变关节轴承的加工工艺，获得较优的硬度、纹路及表面粗糙度等，实现较优的减摩抗磨效果
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表 3 关节轴承寿命预测的特点及局限性
Table 3. Characteristics and limitations of life prediction for spherical plain bearing
预测方法 特点 局限性 模型预测 建模考虑影响因素较多、建模困难、模型复杂、模型种类多、计算量大。简易模型预测精度较低。预测的是关节轴承平均寿命，模型大多为经验模型 建模时，需考虑影响关节轴承的设计、加工、装配润滑、温度、载荷及转速等因素，也要考虑各因素之间的耦合关系，会导致预测模型复杂，计算量大。若仅考虑主要影响因素，预测模型计算精度低 数模联动预测 采用传感器检测关节轴承的工作状态及采集数据，通过数据处理及分析模型，能准确地反映关节轴承的工作状态及磨损情况，预测成本高 受到实际工作状态及磨损情况、衬垫接触表面的应力、环境状况及变形分布等因素的影响，也受到检测技术、检测设备及检测方法等的限制，预测成本高
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