Real-world carbon dioxide and atmospheric pollutant emission characteristics of inland waterway ships
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摘要: 基于携式排放测试系统(PEMS)、GPS、轴功率仪、温湿度计等仪器，构建船舶排放监测系统，探究了内河船舶实际二氧化碳(CO2)与大气污染物排放特征，实现对船舶营运过程中能耗数据和排放数据的高精度测量；基于所建立的船舶排放监测系统，开展实船测量试验，以内河3种主要类型的船舶为测试对象，收集案例船舶在实际运营过程中的能耗和排放数据；开展了船舶主机稳定工况试验，测量了主机负荷在25%、50%和75%下的稳定能耗和排放；基于采集的实船数据，利用碳平衡法计算船舶排放中气体的排放因子，并结合主机功率等数据，分析案例船舶实际CO2和大气污染物的排放特征。分析结果表明：船舶在实际营运过程中大部分时间主机负荷处于50%以下，而这种长时间的低负荷航行状态是造成CO2和大气污染物排放增加的主要原因；船舶在进港和离港时一氧化碳(CO)和CO2基于功率的排放因子会高于巡航和机动；船舶主机处于稳定状态时，CO2和大气污染物的排放与主机负荷和燃料类型显著相关，且随着主机负荷的增大而减小；而当主机处于相对较高且稳定负荷状态时，氮氧化物(NOx)的排放会减少。Abstract: A ship emission measurement system was established using portable emissions measuring system (PEMS), global positioning system (GPS), shaft power meters, temperature and humidity sensors, and other instruments. The real-world characteristics of carbon dioxide (CO2) and air pollutant emission from inland ships were investigated, enabling high-precision measurement of energy consumption and emission data during ship operation. Based on the constructed system, onboard measurement tests were conducted on three major types of inland ships. The energy consumption and emission data of the ships during operation were collected. The steady-state tests of the main ship engine were performed at load conditions of 25%, 50%, and 75% to measure stable energy consumption and emissions. Based on the collected data, the emission factors of gases were analyzed with the carbon balance method. By combining the main engine power data, the characteristics of actual CO2 and air pollutant emissions from the ships were analyzed. Analysis results show that the main engine load of ships during operation is mostly below 50%. This prolonged low-load operation is the primary cause of increased CO2 and air pollutant emissions. The power-based emission factors for carbon oxide (CO) and CO2 are found to be higher during docking and departure than during cruising or maneuvering. When the main engine is in a steady state, the emission of CO2 and air pollutants is significantly related to engine load and fuel type and decreases with the higher engine load. At relatively high and stable engine load levels, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are reduced.
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图 8 集装箱船在航行过程中的排放物浓度
Figure 8. Emission concentrations of container ship during navigation
图 9 液货船在航行过程中的排放物浓度
Figure 9. Emission concentrations of liquid cargo ship during navigation
图 10 散货船在航行过程中的排放物浓度
Figure 10. Emission concentrations of cargo ship during navigation
表 1 Testo350相关参数
Table 1. Parameters of Testo350
成分 测量量程 分辨率 精确度 浓度 O2/% 0~25 0.01 ±0.2 CO/10-6 0~3 000 1 ±10 NO/10-6 0~3 000 1 ±10 NO2/10-6 0~500 0.1 ±5 SO2/10-6 0~3 000 1 ±5 CO2/% 0~40 0.1 ±0.5 
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表 2 案例船舶主要参数
Table 2. Main parameters of target ships
参数 案例船1
(集装箱船)案例船2
(液货船)案例船3
(散货船)总长/m 118.9 88.0 52.0 型宽/m 21.6 16.0 11.0 额定功率/kW 1 000×2 600×2 385×2 额定转速/(r·min-1) 750 750 1 200 燃料类型 柴油/液化天然气 柴油 柴油 发动机排放标准类型[27] 国二 国二 国一 建造年份 2020 2022 2012
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表 3 集装箱船基于功率的排放因子
Table 3. Power-based emission factors of container ship
g·(kW·h)-1 典型工况 CO NOx SO2 CO2 离港 6.22 4.96 5.09 646.16 巡航 6.93 7.14 1.74 534.07 机动 4.08 7.75 1.70 525.04 进港 4.65 5.46 2.24 624.77
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表 4 液货船基于功率的排放因子
Table 4. Power-based emission factors of liquid cargo ship
g·(kW·h)-1 典型工况 CO NOx SO2 CO2 离港 1.12 7.47 0.80 329.75 巡航 0.17 5.12 0.86 231.32 机动 0.18 6.25 1.15 300.22 进港 0.26 8.53 1.73 412.25
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表 5 散货船基于功率的排放因子
Table 5. Power-based emission factors of cargo ship
g·(kW·h)-1 典型工况 CO NOx SO2 CO2 离港 4.84 9.39 0.05 864.95 巡航 0.48 10.99 0.01 643.54 机动 1.03 12.09 0.46 715.19 进港 5.45 16.18 0.01 998.79 过闸 17.13 16.20 0.02 1 075.37
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表 6 E3循环试验测量的工况点
Table 6. Operating points measured by E3 cycle test
功率百分比/ % 转速百分比/ % 功率(kW)/转速(r·min-1) 集装箱船 液货船 散货船 25 63 250/473 150/473 96/756 50 80 500/600 300/600 193/960 75 91 750/683 450/683 289/1 092 注：表中加权系数是通过名义加权因数修正所得，3个工况点(主机负荷在25%、50%、75%)的加权系数分别为0.187 5、0.187 5、0.625 0。
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表 7 集装箱船稳定工况的排放
Table 7. Emissions at stable working condition of container ship
工况点 CO浓度/ (mg·m-3) CO2浓度/ (g·m-3) NOx浓度/ (mg·m-3) CO基于功率排放因子/ [g·(kW·h)-1] CO2基于功率排放因子/ [g·(kW·h)-1] NOx基于功率排放因子/ [g·(kW·h)-1] 25% 225.00 155.18 2 216.65 0.84 615.88 10.61 50% 158.75 143.39 1 974.28 0.47 586.41 9.78 75% 96.25 119.82 1 671.55 0.35 548.58 8.01 限值 0.46 568.29 8.83
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表 8 液货船稳定工况的排放
Table 8. Emissions at stable working condition of liquid cargo ship
工况点 CO浓度/ (mg·m-3) CO2浓度/ (g·m-3) NOx浓度/ (mg·m-3) CO基于功率排放因子/ [g·(kW·h)-1] CO2基于功率排放因子/ [g·(kW·h)-1] NOx基于功率排放因子/ [g·(kW·h)-1] 25% 65.63 113.93 1 709.69 0.26 444.36 8.58 50% 59.50 123.75 2 207.83 0.14 295.34 6.75 75% 44.38 127.68 2 253.68 0.10 278.28 6.22 限值 0.14 312.62 6.76
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