Volume 24 Issue 4
Aug.  2024
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
ZHOU Yu-ming, DENG Yao, LIU Yu-qin, PENG Zhu-yi, ZHA Xu-dong, LI Ping, WEI Jian-guo, LIU Zhao-hui. Review on pavement power generation technologies[J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2024, 24(4): 129-147. doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2024.04.010
Citation: ZHOU Yu-ming, DENG Yao, LIU Yu-qin, PENG Zhu-yi, ZHA Xu-dong, LI Ping, WEI Jian-guo, LIU Zhao-hui. Review on pavement power generation technologies[J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2024, 24(4): 129-147. doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2024.04.010

Review on pavement power generation technologies

doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2024.04.010
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 52108396

National Natural Science Foundation of China 52278437

Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Road Structure and Material of Ministry of Transport kfj210301

More Information
  • Author Bio:

    ZHOU Yu-ming(1985-), female, assistant professor, PhD, zym_2015@csust.edu.cn

  • Received Date: 2024-02-11
    Available Online: 2024-09-26
  • Publish Date: 2024-08-28
  • To systematically understand the development of pavement power generation technologies and promote the rapid development of green and smart roads enabling energy saving and emission reduction, the CiteSpace software was used to conduct a quantitative analysis of relevant literature on the pavement power generation technologies from 2012 to 2022. The research progresses, advantages, disadvantages, and applicabilities of three main technologies, namely the photovoltaic power generation, thermoelectric power generation, and piezoelectric power generation, were compared. The fundamental theories of converting solar energy, thermal energy, and mechanical energy into electrical energy were introduced. The pavement design methods of photovoltaic and thermoelectric power generation technologies were summarized. The selection of power generation materials for piezoelectric power generation technology, the design of piezoelectric transducer device, and the structural design of integrated power generation pavement system were discussed. The future research trends of pavement power generation technologies were prospected. Based on the existing research foundations of pavement power generation technologies, some suggestions were put forward for the development of green and smart roads and the demand for the integrated development of transportation and energy from the perspectives of material, structure, construction, operation and maintenance. Research results show that most studies on the photovoltaic power generation focus on the macro-level analysis of the feasibility of solar pavements, providing power supply for transportation infrastructures and alleviate the heat island effect. However, there still is much room for optimization in the research on mechanical properties and power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic pavement. Thermoelectric power generation mainly relies on the temperature difference of pavement structure. It can realize all-weather power generation with stable energy harvesting. However, it currently has a disadvantage of low efficiency. At the same time, it is necessary to focus on the problem of mismatch between mechanical properties of thermoelectric heat conduction devices and asphalt pavement. Piezoelectric power generation has a high energy harvesting density, good sustainability, and promising prospects. However, some key issues have not been well solved, such as the durability of piezoelectric material, compatibility and stiffness matching between piezoelectric transducer elements and pavement, and structural stability and durability of the integrated pavement of piezoelectric power generation system, which still require further research.

     

  • loading
  • [1]
    ATABANI A E, BADRUDDIN I A, MEKHILEF S, et al. A review on global fuel economy standards, labels and technologies in the transportation sector[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, 15(9): 4586-4610. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.092
    [2]
    HOLMBERG K, ANDERSSON P, ERDEMIR A. Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars[J]. Tribology International, 2012, 47: 221-234. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.022
    [3]
    ASAEDA T, CA V T, WAKE A. Heat storage of pavement and its effect on the lower atmosphere[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30(3): 413-427. doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00140-5
    [4]
    FEDELE R, MERENDA M, GIAMMARIA F. Energy harvesting for IoT road monitoring systems[J]. Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie, 2018, 18(4): 605-623. doi: 10.3166/i2m.17.605-623
    [5]
    BAI Yang, JANTUNEN H, JUUTI J. Energy harvesting research: the road from single source to multisource[J]. Advanced Materials (Weinheim), 2018, 30(34): e1707271. doi: 10.1002/adma.201707271
    [6]
    PAN Pan, WU Shao-peng, XIAO Yue, et al. A review on hydronic asphalt pavement for energy harvesting and snow melting[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 48: 624-634. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.029
    [7]
    ZHU Xing-yi, YU Yue, LI Feng. A review on thermoelectric energy harvesting from asphalt pavement: configuration, performance and future[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 228: 116818. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116818
    [8]
    GHOLIKHANI M, BEHESHTI SHIRAZI S Y, MABROUK G M, et al. Dual electromagnetic energy harvesting technology for sustainable transportation systems[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 230: 113804. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113804
    [9]
    MAGHSOUDI NIA E, WAN ABDULLAH ZAWAWI N A, MAHINDER SINGH B S. Design of a pavement using piezoelectric materials gestaltung eines gehweges mittels piezoelektrischer werkstoffe[J]. Materialwissenschaft Und Werkstofftechnik, 2019, 50(3): 320-328. doi: 10.1002/mawe.201900002
    [10]
    FAISAL F, WU N, KAPOOR K. Energy harvesting in pavement from passing vehicles with piezoelectric composite plate for ice melting[C]//PARK G. Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems 2016. Las Vegas: SPIE Proceedings, 2016: 97992Q.
    [11]
    HU Heng-wu, VIZZARI D, ZHA Xu-dong, et al. Solar pavements: a critical review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 152: 111712. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111712
    [12]
    PEI Jian-zhong, GUO Fu-cheng, ZHANG Jiu-peng, et al. Review and analysis of energy harvesting technologies in roadway transportation[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 288: 125338. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125338
    [13]
    YANG Hong-xing, MA Tao. Research and development of solar PV pavement panels for application on the green deck[R]. Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2016.
    [14]
    EUGSTER W J, SCHATZMANN J. Harnessing solar energy for winter road clearing on heavily loaded expressways[C]//PIARC. Proceedings of XIth PIARC International Winter Road Congress. Sapporo: PIARC, 2002: 1-9.
    [15]
    TU Yan-ping, LI Jie, GUAN Chang-sheng. Heat transfer analysis of asphalt concrete pavement based on snow melting[C]// IEEE. 2010 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering. New York: IEEE, 2010: 3795-3798.
    [16]
    WU Shao-peng, CHEN Ming-yu, ZHANG Ji-zhe. Laboratory investigation into thermal response of asphalt pavements as solar collector by application of small-scale slabs[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2011, 31(10): 1582-1587. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.01.028
    [17]
    NORTHMORE A B, TIGHE S. Developing innovative roads using solar technologies[C]//Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. 9th International Transportation Specialty Conference of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers Annual Conference. Edmonton: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, 2012.
    [18]
    EFTHYMIOU C, SANTAMOURIS M, KOLOKOTSA D, et al. Development and testing of photovoltaic pavement for heat island mitigation[J]. Solar Energy, 2016, 130: 148-160. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.01.054
    [19]
    WU Guang-xi, YU Xiong. Thermal energy harvesting system to harvest thermal energy across pavement structure[J]. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 2012, 5(5): 311.
    [20]
    GUO Lu-kai, LU Qing. Potentials of piezoelectric and thermoelectric technologies for harvesting energy from pavements[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 72: 761-773. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.090
    [21]
    ABRAMOVICH H, HARASH E, MILGROM C, et al. Power harvesting apparatus, system and method: U.S., 12/195670[P]. 2010-10-12.
    [22]
    GAO Qing, HUANG Yong, LI Ming, et al. Experimental study of slab solar collection on the hydronic system of road[J]. Solar Energy, 2010, 84(12): 2096-2102. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2010.09.008
    [23]
    KIM H W, PRIYA S, UCHINO K, et al. Piezoelectric energy harvesting under high pre-stressed cyclic vibrations[J]. Journal of Electroceramics, 2005, 15(1): 27-34. doi: 10.1007/s10832-005-0897-z
    [24]
    KLUGER J M, SAPSIS T P, SLOCUM A H. Robust energy harvesting from walking vibrations by means of nonlinear cantilever beams[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2015, 341: 174-194. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2014.11.035
    [25]
    陈悦, 陈超美, 刘则渊, 等. CiteSpace知识图谱的方法论功能[J]. 科学学研究, 2015, 33(2): 242-253. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2053.2015.02.009

    CHEN Yue, CHEN Chao-mei, LIU Ze-yuan, et al. The methodology function of CiteSpace mapping knowledge domains[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2015, 33(2): 242-253. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2053.2015.02.009
    [26]
    张芙颖, 顾鑫炳, 彭毅, 等. 中国灾害风险认知研究的知识图谱分析[J]. 安全与环境工程, 2019, 26(2): 32-37.

    ZHANG Fu-ying, GU Xin-bing, PENG Yi, et al. Analysis of knowledge map of disaster risk perception[J]. Safety and Environmental Engineering, 2019, 26(2): 32-37. (in Chinese)
    [27]
    LIU Xiao-yu, CUI Qing-bin, SCHWARTZ C. Greenhouse gas emissions of alternative pavement designs: framework development and illustrative application[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2014, 132: 313-322. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.016
    [28]
    WANG Hao, JASIM A, CHEN Xiao-dan. Energy harvesting technologies in roadway and bridge for different applications—a comprehensive review[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 212: 1083-1094. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.125
    [29]
    LI Si-nan, MA Tao, WANG Deng-jia. Photovoltaic pavement and solar road: a review and perspectives[J]. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2023, 55: 102933. doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2022.102933
    [30]
    BRUSAW S D, BRUSAW J A. Solar roadway panel: U.S., D712822[P]. 2014-09-09.
    [31]
    胡恒武, 查旭东, 岑晏青, 等. 太阳能路面研究现状及展望[J]. 长安大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 40(1): 16-29.

    HU Heng-wu, ZHA Xu-dong, CEN Yan-qing, et al. Research status and prospect of solar pavement[J]. Journal of Chang'an University(Natural Science Edition), 2020, 40(1): 16-29. (in Chinese)
    [32]
    SELVARAJU R K. Characterization of solar roadways via computational and experimental investigations[D]. London: The University of Western Ontario, 2012.
    [33]
    VIZZARI D, PUNTORIERI P, PRATICÒ F G, et al. Solar and permeable road: a prototypical study[C]//DI BENEDETTO H, BAAJ H, CHAILLEUX E, et al. Proceedings of the RILEM International Symposium on Bituminous Materials. Berlin: Springer, 2022: 1675-1680.
    [34]
    YANG Ning, WEI Xiao-feng, LI Wei-hong. Sunlight irradiation induced green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using peach gum polysaccharide and colorimetric sensing of H2O2[J]. Materials Letters, 2015, 154: 21-24. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2015.03.034
    [35]
    查旭东, 张铖坚, 伍智吉, 等. 太阳能路面空心板块单元力学分析与模型制备[J]. 太阳能学报, 2016, 37(1): 136-141. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0254-0096.2016.01.021

    ZHA Xu-dong, ZHANG Cheng-jian, WU Zhi-ji, et al. Mechanical analysis and model preparation for hollow slab element of solar pavement[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2016, 37(1): 136-141. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0254-0096.2016.01.021
    [36]
    DEZFOOLI A S, NEJAD F M, ZAKERI H, et al. Solar pavement: a new emerging technology[J]. Solar Energy, 2017, 149: 272-284. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.04.016
    [37]
    李子豪. 基于透明树脂混凝土的太阳能路面材料与模型制备及性能研究[D]. 长沙: 长沙理工大学, 2018.

    LI Zi-hao. Research on preparation and performance of material and model for solar pavement based on transparent resin concrete[D]. Changsha: Changsha University of Science and Technology, 2018. (in Chinese)
    [38]
    SHEKHAR A, KUMARAVEL V K, KLERKS S, et al. Harvesting roadway solar energy—performance of the installed infrastructure integrated PV bike path[J]. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2018, 8(4): 1066-1073. doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2820998
    [39]
    LIU Zi-yu, YANG An-qi, GAO Meng-yao, et al. Towards feasibility of photovoltaic road for urban traffic-solar energy estimation using street view image[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 228: 303-318. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.262
    [40]
    WU Ling-jie, YUAN Yue, WU Han. Solar road power generation assessment based on coupled transportation and power distribution systems[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, 1659(1): 12041-12048. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1659/1/012041
    [41]
    GARCÍA A, PARTL M N. How to transform an asphalt concrete pavement into a solar turbine[J]. Applied Energy, 2014, 119: 431-437. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.006
    [42]
    ROWE L A. Video compression for desktop applications[J]. IT—Information Technology, 1995, 37(4): 7-10. doi: 10.1524/itit.1995.37.4.7
    [43]
    MALLICK R B, CHEN B L, BHOWMICK S. Harvesting energy from asphalt pavements and reducing the heat island effect[J]. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2009, 2(3): 214-228. doi: 10.1080/19397030903121950
    [44]
    HASEBE M, KAMIKAWA Y, MEIARASHI S. Thermoelectric generators using solar thermal energy in heated road pavement[C]//IEEE. 25th International Conference on Thermoelectrics. New York: IEEE, 2006: 697-700.
    [45]
    DATTA U, DESSOUKY S, PAPAGIANNAKIS A T. Harvesting of thermoelectric energy from asphalt pavements[J]. Transportation Research Record, 2017(2628): 12-22.
    [46]
    胡甫才, 朱顺敏, 汪岸, 等. 沥青路面温差发电系统设计分析与试验研究[J]. 武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版), 2014, 38(4): 834-838. doi: 10.3963/j.issn.2095-3844.2014.04.029

    HU Fu-cai, ZHU Shun-min, WANG An, et al. Design analysis and experimental study of asphalt pavement temperature difference power generation system[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology (Transportation Science and Engineering) 2014, 38(4): 834-838. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3963/j.issn.2095-3844.2014.04.029
    [47]
    YUAN Dong-dong, JIANG Wei, SHA Ai-min, et al. Energy output and pavement performance of road thermoelectric generator system[J]. Renewable Energy, 2022, 201: 22-33. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.11.057
    [48]
    YANG Hai-lu, WEI Ya, ZHANG Wei-dong, et al. Development of piezoelectric energy harvester system through optimizing multiple structural parameters[J]. Sensors, 2021, 21(8): 2876. doi: 10.3390/s21082876
    [49]
    周均. 基于压电材料的智能梁结构性能研究[D]. 南京: 东南大学, 2018.

    ZHOU Jun. Mechanical study on piezoelectric smart beam[D]. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2018. (in Chinese)
    [50]
    WANG Chao-hui, WANG Shuai, GAO Zhi-wei, et al. Applicability evaluation of embedded piezoelectric energy harvester applied in pavement structures[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 251: 113383. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113383
    [51]
    JUNG I, SHIN Y H, KIM S, et al. Flexible piezoelectric polymer-based energy harvesting system for roadway applications[J]. Applied Energy, 2017, 197: 222-229. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.020
    [52]
    SHIN Y, JUNG I, NOH M, et al. Piezoelectric polymer-based roadway energy harvesting via displacement amplification module[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 216: 741-750. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.074
    [53]
    赵晓康. 压电发电技术在道路应用中的可行性研究[D]. 西安: 长安大学, 2013.

    ZHAO Xiao-kang. Feasibility study on piezoelectric power generation technology applied in pavement[D]. Xi'an: Chang'an University, 2013. (in Chinese)
    [54]
    GUAN Ming-jie. Characteristics of piezoelectric energy harvesting circuits and storage devices[D]. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
    [55]
    谭忆秋, 钟勇, 吕建福, 等. 路面用PZT/沥青压电复合材料的制备及性能[J]. 建筑材料学报, 2013, 16(6): 975-980.

    TAN Yi-qiu, ZHONG Yong, LYU Jian-fu, et al. Preparation and properties of PZT/asphalt-based piezoelectric composites used on pavement[J]. Journal of Building Materials, 2013, 16(6): 975-980. (in Chinese)
    [56]
    黄世峰, 叶正茂, 王守德, 等. 1-3型水泥基压电复合材料的制备及性能[J]. 复合材料学报, 2007, 24(1): 122-126. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-3851.2007.01.021

    HUANG Shi-feng, YE Zheng-mao, WANG Shou-de, et al. Fabrication and properties of 1-3 cement based piezoelectric composites[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2007, 24(1): 122-126. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-3851.2007.01.021
    [57]
    关新春, 刘彦昌, 李惠, 等. 1-3型水泥基压电复合材料的制备与性能研究[J]. 防灾减灾工程学报, 2010, 30(增1): 345-347.

    GUAN Xin-chun, LIU Yan-chang, LI Hui, et al. Preparation and properties of 1-3 cement-based piezoelectric composites[J]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, 2010, 30(S1): 345-347. (in Chinese)
    [58]
    WANG J, XIAO F, ZHAO H. Thermoelectric, piezoelectric and photovoltaic harvesting technologies for pavement engineering[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 151: 111522. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111522
    [59]
    BAKER J, ROUNDY S, WRIGHT P. Alternative geometries for increasing power density in vibration energy scavenging for wireless sensor networks[C]// AIAA. 3rd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. Reston: AIAA, 2005: 5617.
    [60]
    SODANO H A, PARK G, INMAN D J. An investigation into the performance of macro-fiber composites for sensing and structural vibration applications[J]. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2004, 18(3): 683-697. doi: 10.1016/S0888-3270(03)00081-5
    [61]
    侯志伟, 陈仁文, 刘祥建. 多方向压电振动能量收集装置及其优化设计[J]. 振动与冲击, 2012, 31(16): 33-37. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3835.2012.16.007

    HOU Zhi-wei, CHEN Ren-wen, LIU Xiang-jian. Optimization design of multi-direction piezoelectric vibration energy harvester[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2012, 31(16): 33-37. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3835.2012.16.007
    [62]
    YANG Zheng-bao, WANG Yan-qing, ZUO Lei, et al. Introducing arc-shaped piezoelectric elements into energy harvesters[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017, 148: 260-266. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.05.073
    [63]
    PLATT S R, FARRITOR S, HAIDER H. On low-frequency electric power generation with PZT ceramics[J]. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2005, 10(2): 240-252. doi: 10.1109/TMECH.2005.844704
    [64]
    李琛琛, 赵鸿铎, 马鲁宽, 等. 路用叠堆式压电单元设计及性能分析[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 52(7): 2170-2178.

    LI Chen-chen, ZHAO Hong-duo, MA Lu-kuan, et al. Design and performance analysis of stacked piezoelectric units for pavement application[J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2021, 52(7): 2170-2178. (in Chinese)
    [65]
    ZHAO Hong-duo, QIN Lu-yao, LING Jian-ming. Synergistic performance of piezoelectric transducers and asphalt pavement[J]. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 2018, 11(4): 381-387. doi: 10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.09.008
    [66]
    LIU Peng-fei, ZHAO Qian, YANG Hai-lu, et al. Numerical study on influence of piezoelectric energy harvester on asphalt pavement structural responses[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2019, 31(3): 04019008. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002640
    [67]
    ZHAO J, WANG H. Mechanistic modeling and economic analysis of piezoelectric energy harvesting potential in airport pavements[J]. Transportation Research Record, 2020(2674): 64-75.
    [68]
    王朝辉, 陈森, 李彦伟, 等. 智能发电路面压电元件保护措施设计及能量输出[J]. 中国公路学报, 2016, 29(5): 41-49. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7372.2016.05.006

    WANG Chao-Hui, CHEN Sen, LI Yan-wei, et al. Design of piezoelectric elements' protection measures and energy output of intelligent power pavement[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 2016, 29(5): 41-49. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7372.2016.05.006
    [69]
    WANG Chao-hui, ZHAO Jian-xiong, LI Qiang, et al. Optimization design and experimental investigation of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices for pavement[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 229: 18-30. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.07.036
    [70]
    仝军令, 王亚栋, 彭玉兴. 集成式压电路面能量收集装置输出性能的实验[J]. 机械设计与研究, 2021, 37(3): 29-32, 37.

    TONG Jun-ling, WANG Ya-dong, PENG Yu-xing. Experimental study on output performance of integrated piezoelectric pavement energy harvester[J]. Machine Design and Research, 2021, 37(3): 29-32, 37. (in Chinese)
    [71]
    GUO Lu-kai, WANG Hao, SOARES L, et al. Multi-physics modelling of piezoelectric pavement system for energy harvesting under traffic loading[J]. The International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022, 23(10): 3647-3661. doi: 10.1080/10298436.2021.1913591
    [72]
    李彦伟, 陈森, 王朝辉, 等. 智能发电路面技术现状及发展[J]. 材料导报, 2015, 29(7): 100-106.

    LI Yan-wei, CHEN Sen, WANG Chao-hui, et al. Present situation and development of intelligent power generation pavement technology[J]. Material Reports, 2015, 29(7): 100-106. (in Chinese)
    [73]
    WANG Yuan, ZHU Xin, ZHANG Ting-sheng, et al. A renewable low-frequency acoustic energy harvesting noise barrier for high-speed railways using a Helmholtz resonator and a PVDF film[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 230: 52-61. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.080
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Article Metrics

    Article views (151) PDF downloads(27) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return