Review of cause diagnosis of transverse cracks in semi-rigid base asphalt pavement
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摘要: 针对半刚性基层沥青路面横向裂缝成因诊断方法的进展与存在问题进行文献梳理和总结，在横向裂缝评价方法方面，详细梳理了横向裂缝的评价方法及发展现状，总结提出了基于病害成因机理的分类方法，为成因诊断提供依据；在横向裂缝分类方法方面，详细梳理了横向裂缝的产生机理及其影响因素，构建了横向裂缝成因库；在横向裂缝成因诊断方面，梳理了当前诊断方法存在的主要问题，提出了横向裂缝成因分步诊断框架。研究结果表明：现有评价方法无法与裂缝成因建立联系，建立的基于成因与发展方向的横向裂缝分类方法可以提供判断依据；构建的裂缝成因库考虑了材料、结构、施工以及荷载环境的不同成因机理，为成因诊断提供了参考；建立的横向裂缝成因诊断框架从路段基础信息调查、特殊因素排除、荷载环境综合分析以及靶区试验精细化诊断四方面为工程实践提供依据。实体工程验证表明：验证路段的裂缝主要成因为基层开裂，在重交通量和重载作用下导致裂缝反射至面层，主要类型为自下而上反射裂缝。建立的沥青路面横向裂缝成因库及成因诊断框架为裂缝处治对策提供了理论基础和实践依据。Abstract: The advancements and existing issues in the cause diagnosis method of transverse cracks in semi-rigid base asphalt pavement were reviewed and summarized. Regarding evaluation methods, current techniques for transverse crack assessment and their development status were comprehensively analyzed, and a classification method based on failure cause mechanisms was proposed to provide theoretical foundations for cause diagnosis. In terms of classification approaches, the formation mechanisms and influencing factors of transverse cracks were reviewed, and a database of transverse crack causes was established. In terms of diagnostic methods, critical limitations in existing practices were identified, and a stepwise diagnostic framework for transverse crack causes was proposed. Research results indicate that existing evaluation methods lack correlation with crack causes, while the proposed classification method based on cause and development trends can provide a basis for diagnosis. The established crack cause database incorporates multiple mechanisms involving material properties, structural design, construction practices, and loading/environmental impacts, serving as a reference for cause analysis. The developed diagnostic framework integrates four operational dimensions: baseline pavement investigation, special factor exclusion, comprehensive load-environment analysis, and targeted area testing for refined diagnosis, offering practical guidance for engineering practices. Field validation demonstrates that base layer cracking is the primary cause of cracking in the verified sections, which, under heavy traffic and overload conditions, leads to reflective cracks propagating upward to the surface, with bottom-up reflective cracking being the main type. The proposed transverse crack cause database and diagnostic framework provide both theoretical foundations and practical references for developing effective crack treatment strategies in asphalt pavement engineering.
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图 2 半刚性基层沥青路面横向裂缝成因示意
Figure 2. Schematic of causes of transverse cracks in semi-rigid base asphalt pavement
图 5 外界环境因素影响开裂示意
Figure 5. Schematic of cracking influenced by external environmental factors
图 6 荷载作用下半刚性基层沥青路面横向裂缝扩展过程
Figure 6. Expansion process of transverse cracks in semi-rigid base asphalt pavement under loads
表 1 横向裂缝不同分类评价方法
Table 1. Evaluation methods for different classifications of transverse cracks
国家 评价标准 裂缝类型 方法类型 美国 美国联邦公路管理局《长期路面性能路面病害调查指南》(SHRP-P-338) 非荷载低温横缝 质评法 非荷载反射裂缝 荷载反射裂缝 轻微: 平均缝宽小于6 mm, 或己封缝, 附近无损坏 量评法 中等: 平均缝宽6~19 mm, 附近有轻微损坏 严重: 平均缝宽大于19 mm, 附近有中等损坏 日本 《铺装调查试验法便览》(2019) 温度裂缝 质评法 细裂缝 反射裂缝 构造物引起的裂缝 施工缝引起的裂缝 中国 《公路技术状况评定标准》(JTG 5210—2018) 轻度：主要裂缝宽度小于或等于3 mm 量评法 重度：主要裂缝宽度大于3 mm 横向裂缝 质评法 纵向裂缝 块裂 龟裂 英国 《英国路面管理调查用户指南》(UK Pavement Management Surveys, UKPMS) 温度裂缝 质评法 反射裂缝 法国 法国交通部《道路工程技术规程》(2023) 自上而下开裂 质评法 自下而上开裂 反射裂缝 
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表 2 横向裂缝评价方法的优缺点与适用性分析
Table 2. Analysis of advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of transverse crack evaluation methods
评价方法 优点 缺点 适用场景 直接评价法 直观易懂，能够快速量化裂缝形态特征 无法深入揭示裂缝的内部结构及其成因，易忽略复杂环境因素的影响 裂缝形态明显、成因较为简单的路面场景，适合于常规养护管理 间接评价法 能反映裂缝对路面结构性能的潜在影响 计算过程复杂，数据需求较高，依赖大量试验验证，适用性受到限制 需评估裂缝对承载能力或路面结构影响的复杂场景，适合于科学研究及精细化养护决策 基于图像处理的评价方法 非接触检测，高效获取裂缝几何信息，能够实现自动化处理，具备未来广泛应用潜力 技术尚不成熟，处理精度受限，可能影响裂缝的连贯性，环境因素的影响难以控制 非接触检测需求高，适用于需要自动化和高效分析的复杂路面养护管理场景
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表 3 半刚性基层沥青路面横向裂缝成因库
Table 3. Transverse crack cause database of semi-rigid base asphalt pavement
横缝成因 材料成因 结构成因 施工成因 荷载环境成因 面层 基层 厚度 模量 层间黏结 路基施工 基层施工 面层施工 接缝施工 施工环境 排水施工 荷载 外界环境 沥青 集料 混合料与级配设计 干缩 温缩 疲劳性质 横缝类型 沥青延度小 沥青低温劲度高 沥青老化 集料压碎值、磨耗值不合规 细集料棱角性差 沥青混合料空隙大 混合料油石比小 粗集料少 级配离析 沥青混合料吸水性强 含水率低 刚度大 强度小、刚度大 无机结合料类型与级配 面层过厚或过薄、基层过薄 面层模量过大、基层模量过小 层间黏结状态差 路基沉陷 半刚性基层养生不当 沥青混合料离析、老化 原有横向接缝处治不当 雨季或极端低温施工 排水设施设计不当 超载、大车流量 极端低温 温度循环 降雨导致雨水渗入 ①类 ▲ ▲ ▲ △ △ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ △ ▲ △ ▲ ▲ △ ②类 △ △ ▲ △ △ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ △ ▲ ▲ △ ▲ △ △ ▲ ▲ △ △ △ ③类 ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ △ ▲ △ △ △ ▲ △ △ △ ④类 ▲ △ △ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ △ △ ▲ △ △ △ ▲ △ △ △ 注：▲为较为常见；△为一般常见；①类代表自上而下温度裂缝；②类代表自上而下荷载裂缝；③类代表自下而上反射裂缝；④类代表对应裂缝。
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