Research review of dry process rubberized asphalt mixtures: materials, mechanism, design, and performance
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摘要: 明确界定了不同工艺橡胶沥青混合料的定义，系统梳理了橡胶颗粒的组成及制备技术；围绕其改性理念，深入分析了橡胶颗粒作为弹性集料的作用模式、与沥青的相互作用及关键影响因素；总结了干法橡胶沥青混合料的设计参数及其对混合料性能的影响，并基于数理统计与现行规范划分了性能等级。研究结果表明：材料层面，橡胶颗粒的形态特征与组分异质性共同决定其“弹性集料”效能，但现有研究对炭黑迁移、组分重分布等二次改性机制尚未完全阐明；机理层面，揭示了干法工艺中“梯度溶胀-动态降解”的核心机制，指出橡胶颗粒外层与内芯的溶胀差异；设计层面，通过对级配设计、橡胶粒径与掺量、沥青含量、工艺改进及焖料时间等参数的精准调控，可有效提升干法橡胶沥青混合料的整体性能；性能层面，掺入多种外加剂至干法橡胶沥青混合料中，可强化橡胶颗粒与沥青的结合，进一步提高混合料路用性能与稳定性。建议未来研究应聚焦于橡胶-沥青界面反应的微观表征指标开发、融合环境与功能属性的全生命周期评价体系构建，以及基于智能化技术重塑干法橡胶沥青混合料的研究范式，为干法工艺工程化应用提供理论支撑。Abstract: The definition of rubberized asphalt mixtures with different processes was clearly defined, and the composition and preparation technology of rubber particles were systematically sorted out. By focusing on their modification concept, the mode of action of rubber particles as an elastic aggregate, their interaction with asphalt, and the key influencing factors were deeply analyzed. The design parameters of dry rubber asphalt mixtures and their influence on the performance of the mixtures were summarized. The performance grades were classified on the basis of mathematical statistics and current specifications. According to the results, at the material level, the morphological characteristics of rubber particles and the heterogeneity of components jointly determine their "elastic aggregate" performance. However, the existing studies have yet to fully elucidate the secondary modification mechanisms, such as the migration of carbon black and the redistribution of components. At the mechanism level, the core mechanism of "gradient swelling-dynamic degradation" in the dry process was revealed, pointing out the swelling difference between the outer layer of rubber particles and the inner core. At the design level, through the precise control of parameters including gradation design, rubber particle size and mixing amount, asphalt content, process improvement, and simmering time, the overall performance of the dry rubberized asphalt mixtures could be effectively improved. At the performance level, mixing various admixtures into the dry rubberized asphalt mixtures could strengthen the bonding of rubber particles with asphalt, further improving the road performance and stability of the mixtures. Future research should focus on the development of microscopic characterization indexes for rubber-asphalt interfacial reactions, the construction of a full life cycle evaluation system integrating environmental and functional attributes, and the reshaping of the research paradigm of dry rubberized asphalt mixtures based on intelligent technology. A theoretical support is thus provided for the application of the engineering of the dry process.
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图 6 常温粉碎法制备橡胶颗粒的生产工艺流程
Figure 6. Production process of rubber particles prepared by room temperature crushing method
图 8 橡胶沥青混合料中橡胶颗粒分布
Figure 8. Distribution of rubber particles in rubberized asphalt mixture
图 15 橡胶与沥青的相互作用阶段(微观层面)
Figure 15. Interaction stages of rubber and asphalt (micro-level)
图 16 橡胶与沥青的相互作用阶段(宏观层面)
Figure 16. Interaction stages of rubber and asphalt (macro-level)
图 17 橡胶与沥青相互作用的影响因素
Figure 17. Influencing factors of interaction between rubber and asphalt
图 23 基于目标空隙率确定最佳沥青含量
Figure 23. Optimum asphalt content is determined based on the target porosity
图 24 不同文献中干法橡胶沥青混合料的焖料时间
Figure 24. Stuffy time of dry process rubberized asphalt mixtures in different literatures
图 25 干法橡胶沥青混合料路用性能
Figure 25. Road performance of dry process rubberized asphalt mixtures
表 1 湿法工艺中不同技术的名称和定义
技术 定义 别名 参考文献 湿法-高黏度 沥青、橡胶颗粒(掺量不少于15%)及添加剂组成的混合物，生产过程必须保证橡胶颗粒与基质沥青在高温下充分溶胀 McDonald工艺；高黏橡胶改性沥青；橡胶高黏沥青；Asphalt-Rubber Binder；Bitumen Rubber Binder [14]~[18] 连续共混 与McDonald工艺类似，不同之处在于使用更细的橡胶颗粒与沥青连续拌和后储存于储罐中 Florida技术; Continuous Blending-Reaction Systems [17]、[18] 湿法-无搅拌 在炼油厂或沥青储运终端，橡胶颗粒与热沥青经混合并脱硫降解，形成近似均相体系后，运至沥青混凝土搅拌站或施工现场应用 Terminal Blend; Field-Blends；再生橡胶改性沥青(RTR-MBS)；溶解性胶粉改性沥青 [14]、[19]、[20] 注：湿法是指在混合料加入沥青之前，先将橡胶颗粒与沥青拌和的任何方法，如图 1所示。 
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表 2 干法工艺中不同技术的名称和定义
技术 定义 别名 参考文献 RUMAC 将占混合料质量3%~5%、粒径为2.0~6.3 mm的橡胶颗粒预先掺入混合料中，作为集料组成部分，以制备热拌橡胶沥青混合料 PlusRide [18]、[21] 一般干法工艺 与RUMAC技术类似，但使用的橡胶颗粒粒径更小(0.18~2.00 mm)，用量更低(占混合料质量3%) 类集料TAK系统 [18]、[21]、[22] 块胶工艺 与RUMAC技术类似，但使用的橡胶颗粒粒径更大(4.75~9/12.50 mm)，用量更高(占混合料质量3%~12%) [18]、[21] 新干法 全部采用细橡胶颗粒，摒弃其作为弹性集料的功能，橡胶颗粒用量下降至混合料的1%以下，将骨料、橡胶颗粒与外掺剂进行拌和，再与沥青拌和形成混合料 [10]、[22] 注：干法是指在混合料加入沥青之前，先将橡胶颗粒与集料拌和的任何方法，如图 2所示。
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轮胎类型 元素的质量分数/% C H N S O 轿车 86.40 8.00 0.50 1.70 3.40 74.30 7.20 0.90 1.71 15.89 83.92 6.83 0.78 0.92 7.55 卡车 83.20 7.70 1.50 1.44 6.16 80.30 7.18 0.50 1.19 10.80 摩托车 75.50 6.75 0.81 1.44 15.50
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表 4 不同橡胶材料低温性能
Table 4. Low temperature properties of different
材料 玻璃化转变温度/℃ 脆性温度/℃ TR10/℃ 天然橡胶 -70 -55 -55 丁腈橡胶 -40 -25 -30 氯丁橡胶 -45 -30 -30 丁苯橡胶 -60 -50 -45 弹性体热塑性橡胶 -60 -55 -50
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表 5 橡胶颗粒粉碎技术
Table 5. Rubber particle crushing technologies
生产方式 概念 特性 缺点 干法粉碎 常温粉碎 辊筒粉碎机 加工温度为50 ℃±5 ℃或稍高的情况下，通过辊筒的剪切和挤压等作用力对废旧橡胶进行粉碎处理[28] 所生产的橡胶颗粒比表面积大、密度低、质地粗糙、形状不规则、疏松多孔 粉碎过程产生的热量可能导致橡胶颗粒过热焦化，不仅会损害橡胶颗粒性能，还存在火灾安全隐患 双螺杆挤出机 通过热能和机械力对橡胶进行剪切，使得橡胶颗粒分子链发生断裂，短时间脱硫降解的机械化学方法[29] 污染小，可连续生产，且具备高工作速度、高工作温度及高效率[29] 低温粉碎 利用液氮、空气涡轮膨胀、液化天然气冷冻技术等将废旧橡胶冷却至玻璃化转变温度以下，并使用锤式或盘式粉碎机进行粉碎处理 所生产的橡胶颗粒粒径较小、表面光滑、热氧化程度低 工艺成本偏高，与沥青的相互作用较差 湿法粉碎 RAPRA法 在水或有机溶剂等介质中，粉碎废旧橡胶生产橡胶颗粒的方法 所生产的橡胶颗粒粒径为2~20 μm，表面呈现凹凸和毛刺状特征，补强效果好[28] 所用溶剂对环境具有负面影响，生产成本高，应用范围有限 常温浸混粉碎法 克服了常温粉碎工艺中常见的高温成糊和生热降解问题 所用溶剂对环境具有负面影响 全水相法 所生产的橡胶颗粒粒径为75~180 μm，颗粒均匀、比表面积大、表面活性高无焦化层、不带静电[30] 高压水射流冲击粉碎法 所生产的橡胶颗粒表面粗糙，且部分实现脱硫[31]
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表 6 沥青四组分Hildebrand溶解度参数值[48]
Table 6. Hildebrand solubility parameter values of four asphalt fractions[48]
沥青四组分 饱和分 芳香分 胶质 沥青质 溶解度参数/(J·cm-3)0.5 17.4~20.0 19.0~22.5 21.9~26.6 24.9~32.9
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组分 NR SR 橡胶颗粒(主要成分聚苯乙烯丁二烯) 溶解度参数/(J·cm-3)0.5 16.9 18.1 17.8
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表 8 干法工艺改进方法
Table 8. Dry process improvement methods
参考文献 工艺改进 优点 进一步研究方向 [107] 复合工艺：先将集料于180℃~190 ℃预热搅拌60 s以保证均匀，继而加入预热沥青混合30 s制成基质混合料，最后逐步添加同温预热的橡胶颗粒终混60 s 与传统干法和湿法相比，该工艺能更显著地提高沥青混合料的性能 仅开展了部分性能试验，后续仍需增补相关试验，以明确该方法的适用性与可靠性 [108] 在连续级配沥青混合料的拌制过程中加入40目的橡胶颗粒 混合料在高温和低温下的性能均有明显改善，而水稳定性基本保持不变 [109] 混合法：采用80 μm细橡胶颗粒制备橡胶改性沥青，将其与掺入1~3 mm粗橡胶颗粒的集料拌制成橡胶沥青混合料；干拌时间延长5~10 s，随后加入橡胶沥青湿拌1 min，再加入矿粉拌和1 min以上，总拌和时间不少于3 min 该工艺所制橡胶沥青混合料，其高温与低温性能均优于干法与湿法工艺，且橡胶掺量为湿法工艺的3倍、干法工艺的1.5倍 该工艺因兼具干、湿2道工序，需配备橡胶沥青拌制设备及橡胶颗粒添加设备，流程相对复杂，有待进一步研发优化 [110] 半湿法工艺：采用经预处理并与部分沥青反应制得的活化橡胶，将其均匀掺入集料，随后加入沥青终混至均匀；混合料于175 ℃制备，165 ℃压实，焖料仅需30 min 该工艺在保留湿法工艺性能优势的基础上，无需专用设备及改造传统沥青工厂即可生产橡胶沥青混合料；同时，通过设定焖料时间下限，提高生产效率 需进一步开展多因素耦合试验，聚焦温度分布与焖料时长的协同作用研究，并增设长期性能跟踪试验 [111] 将橡胶颗粒作为SMA混合料的活性填料添加至混合物。结合SBS改性沥青、添加剂及石蜡，可优化工作性能并降低混合与生产温度 该工艺下，橡胶的掺入不影响混合物的体积特性，且在130 ℃摊铺温度下仍能保持工作性，性能与传统SMA相当且更环保 需开展进一步试验，评估新工艺橡胶沥青混合料的疲劳性能，并依据其应用需求确定适宜的混合料设计方案
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表 9 干法橡胶沥青混合料抗疲劳性文献总结
Table 9. Literature summary of fatigue resistance of dry process rubberized asphalt mixtures
参考文献 外加剂 试验方法 结果 [121] 四点弯曲(FPB) 干法橡胶沥青混合料与湿法展现出相似的抗疲劳性能 [122] 盘状紧凑拉伸(DCT) 相较于常规沥青混合料和聚合物改性沥青混合料，干法橡胶沥青混合料的断裂能分别提高了17.1%~30.5%和6.8%~9.1%。无论处于未老化还是长期老化状态，干法橡胶沥青混合料的断裂能均为表现最优 [123] 四点弯曲(FPB) 相较于等厚常规沥青混合料加固的路面，采用干法橡胶沥青混合料加固的路面预期使用寿命可延长约10倍。若以初始劲度模量下降20%作为开裂阈值，干法橡胶沥青混合料加固的路面在开裂后的剩余使用寿命较等厚常规沥青混合料加固路面至少高出20倍 [95] 实际路面评估 调研路面结构与功能特性的结果显示，掺入橡胶的沥青路面在使用8年后仍保持良好质量，并预计在未来8年内将持续保持优异的道路性能 [10] TOR，CTOR(橡胶质量的4.5%) 劈裂疲劳(IDT) 相同试验荷载条件下，干法TOR橡胶沥青混合料与干法CTOR橡胶沥青混合料的疲劳性能均优于SBS改性沥青混合料 [118] SBS-T(沥青质量的4%) 动态剪切流变(DSR) 与4%SBS-T干法改性沥青相比，SBS-T掺量为4%，橡胶掺量为沥青质量12% 的干法复合改性沥青在13 ℃下的疲劳因子G*·sin(δ)值由3 988 kPa降至2 876 kPa，降低了27.88% [124] TOR(橡胶质量的4.5%) 直接拉伸(DT) 30目橡胶掺量为沥青质量10%的干法和湿法SMA混合料的疲劳寿命相近，均高于SMA，低于TB法SMA和SBS改性SMA [116] CTOR(橡胶质量的8%) 室内模拟干法橡胶沥青在自然条件下老化后路用性能变化 橡胶颗粒中所含的炭黑、橡胶烃、抗紫外线剂、氧化抑制剂等其他改性成分在CTOR连接剂的作用下释放出来，对于橡胶沥青混合料抗疲劳性改善效果明显 [125] TOR(橡胶质量的4.5%) 四点弯曲(FPB) 在3种测试应变水平(450×10-6、550×10-6、650×10-6)下，干法温拌TOR橡胶沥青混合料的疲劳寿命分别为湿法温拌TOR沥青混合料的1.4、1.5、1.8倍
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表 10 干法橡胶沥青混合料性能等级划分
Table 10. Performance grade division of dry rubberized asphalt mixtures
技术指标 动稳定度/(次·mm-1) 破坏应变/10-6 残留稳定度/% 冻融劈裂强度比/% 分级标准 Q3 4 084 3 856 90.3 85.4 Q2 3 754 3 400 88.0 83.8 Q1 3 092 3 076 86.0 81.1 规范要求 >2 800 >2 800 >85 >80 等级 优 [4 200, +∞] [3 900, +∞) [90, +∞) [86, +∞) 良 [3 800, 4 100) [3 400, 3 900) [88, 90) [84, 86) 中 [2 800, 3 800) [2 800, 3 400) [85, 88) [80, 84) 差 [0, 2 800) [0, 2 800) [0, 85) [0, 80)
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