Throughput envelopment analysis of urban low-altitude vertiports based on multi-commodity flow model
Article Text (Baidu Translation)
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摘要: 为探究城市低空垂直起降机场起降方式选择及其吞吐量影响因素，构建了垂直起降机场多商品流模型，系统分析了垂直起降平台(TLOF)数量、登机口数量对垂直起降机场吞吐量的影响；实现了对设施利用率量化计算以及场面吞吐量包络图的生成，在此基础上揭示了保障设施最优数量配置，并对比了不同起降方式下的性能差异，为优化垂直起降机场设施配置提供了科学依据，提升了场面空间利用效率，实现了垂直起降机场集约化设计与运行。研究结果表明：单TLOF机场登机口数量的合理区间为4~5个，此时TLOF利用率分别为92%和100%，登机口利用率分别为55%和57%，登机口等待率分别为7%和12%，5个登机口相比4个提供了更高的设施利用率，但同时导致了显著的离场排队；多TLOF机场独立起降方式对场面吞吐量的提升最为显著，在所考虑的2、3个TLOF机场中相比单一起降方式分别提升了57%和135%；单一起降方式下TLOF数量对吞吐量的影响有限；平行起降方式展现了与独立起降方式一致的吞吐量增长和最大不平衡进场量增长，但其包络面积小于后者。研究成果可为城市空中交通垂直起降机场吞吐量计算、基础设施方案设计以及运行管制决策提供理论方法支持，进一步推动低空基础设施建设标准化发展。Abstract: To explore the takeoff and landing mode selection and influencing factors for throughput of urban low-altitude vertiports, a vertiport multi-commodity flow model was constructed. The impact of the number of touchdown and lift-off facilities (TLOF) and the number of boarding gates on the throughput of vertiports was systematically analyzed. The quantitative calculation of facility utilization rate and the generation of surface throughput envelope map were performed. On this basis, the optimal quantity configuration of support facilities was revealed. The performance differences under different takeoff and landing modes were compared to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the facility configuration of vertiports. The utilization efficiency of surface space was improved and the intensive design and operation of vertiports were achieved. The research results show that the reasonable range of the number of boarding gates in a single TLOF vertiport is 4 - 5. At this time, the utilization of TLOF is 92% and 100%, respectively. The utilization of boarding gates is 55% and 57%, respectively. The waiting rate of boarding gates is 7% and 12%, respectively. Compared with 4 boarding gates, 5 boarding gates provide higher utilization of facilities, but lead to significant departure queues. The independent takeoff and landing mode of multiple TLOF vertiports has the most significant improvement on the surface throughput, which is 57% and 135% higher than that of the single takeoff and landing mode among 2 - 3 TLOF vertiports considered. The influence of TLOF number on throughput is limited under the single takeoff and landing mode. The parallel takeoff and landing mode demonstrates the same throughput growth and maximum unbalanced approach growth as the independent takeoff and landing mode. However, the envelope area of the former is smaller than that of the latter. The research results can provide theoretical and methodological support for calculating the throughput of urban air traffic vertiports, designing infrastructure schemes, and making operational control decisions, thus promoting the standardized development of low-altitude infrastructure construction.
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图 4 一个TLOF时不同登机口的垂直起降机场吞吐量包络曲线
Figure 4. Throughput envelope curves for vertiports with one TLOF and varying boarding gates
图 6 两个TLOF时不同起降方式的吞吐量包络曲线
Figure 6. Throughput envelope curves of two TLOFs with varying takeoff and landing modes
图 7 三个TLOF时不同起降方式的吞吐量包络
Figure 7. Throughput envelopes for vertiports with three TLOFs and varying takeoff and landing modes
图 8 相邻TLOF起降方式对最大吞吐量的影响
Figure 8. Effects of adjacent TLOF takeoff and landing modes on the maximum throughput
图 9 相邻TLOF起降方式对最大不平衡进场量的影响
Figure 9. Effects of adjacent TLOF takeoff and landing modes on the maximum unbalanced approach
表 1 仿真参数
Table 1. Simulation parameters
s 参数名称 设定值 说明 到达时间 60 航空器从终端区开始最终进近着陆、着陆或悬停在TLOF上方、滑行至TLOF安全区域边缘所需的时间 离场时间 60 航空器从安全区域边缘滑行到TLOF、起飞、进入终端区所需的时间 登机口滑行时间 15 航空器从TLOF安全区域边缘滑行到登机口边缘或反方向滑行所需的时间 登机口准备时间 15 航空器从登机口边缘滑行至航空器停稳、旋下旋翼(必要时)所需的时间 登机口乘降时间 300 航空器在登机口执行乘客/行李卸载和装载任务，然后滑行至登机口区域边缘所需的时间 
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表 2 一个TLOF时不同登机口的垂直起降机场设施利用率
Table 2. Facility utilization rates for vertiports with one TLOF and varying boarding gates
登机口数量/ 个 TLOF利用率/% 平均登机口利用率/% 平均登机口等待率/% 0 93 0 0 1 25 38 0 2 58 72 1 3 83 72 6 4 92 55 7 5 100 57 12 6 100 48 19 7 100 46 17 8 100 40 18
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