Causes of arch expansion and anti-arching design method for cement-stablized base layer in arid desert regions of northwest China
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摘要: 针对中国西北干旱荒漠区水稳基层近几年出现的严重拱胀病害, 常规方法多采用被动防治措施。本文以新疆多条路段出现拱胀病害的水泥稳定砾石基层为研究对象, 采用现场调研、室内试验与理论分析相结合的方法, 钻取拱胀与非拱胀路段的基层及路基芯样, 测试其理化特性、力学强度、微观形貌与物相组成等, 开展了多因素控制下的室内膨胀变形试验, 并通过对优化后的材料与结构进行水-热-盐多场耦合试验验证其抗拱胀效果, 旨在系统探明水稳基层拱胀的多场耦合致灾机理, 并据此提出一套主动防治的材料与结构一体化优化设计方法。研究结果表明: 西北盐渍土地区水泥稳定砾石基层的拱胀病害是由"水-热-盐"多因素耦合作用引发的, 其根本机理在于基层中侵入的硫酸盐离子(含量达《公路路面基层施工技术细则》(JTG/T F20—2015)规范限值1.5~3.6倍)与水泥水化产物发生化学反应, 生成钙矾石、石膏等膨胀性物质, 导致基层抗压强度平均降低59.74%, 高温则显著加速了盐分迁移与反应进程; 以"控盐、降温、降水泥、调结构"为核心的主动防治方法表明材料优化是关键, 采用低水泥剂量的大粒径(37.5 mm)与超大粒径(53 mm)基层可分别降低膨胀变形12.12%与27.27%;设置级配碎石隔热层可使基层顶面膨胀应变降低约83%, 级配砾石隔断层可有效阻断毛细水盐迁移并将盐分富集浓度从5.1%降至3.9%;针对一般低盐、极端高温、中高盐渍土及高盐高温复合地区, 推荐分别采用抗拱胀基层、抗拱胀基层+隔热层、隔断层+抗拱胀基层、隔热层+抗拱胀基层+隔断层的复合结构, 实现了从机理到实践的分区分类针对性防控。Abstract: To address the severe arch expansion that has emerged in recent years in cement-stablized base layers in the arid desert regions of northwest China, passive prevention measures were conventionally applied. With the cement-stablized base layers exhibiting arch expansion in multiple sections of Xinjiang as research objects, by combining field investigations, laboratory tests, and theoretical analysis, core samples from both arched and non-arched sections of the base and subgrade were drilled to test their physicochemical properties, mechanical strength, microscopic morphology, and phase composition. Controlled laboratory expansion tests under multiple factors were conducted, and the anti-arching effect was verified through water-heat-salt multi-field coupling tests on optimized materials and structures to systematically elucidate the multi-field coupling disaster mechanism of arching in cement-stablized base layers. Accordingly, a set of integrated optimization design methods for materials and structures was proposed for active prevention. Research results indicates that the arch expansion in cement-stablized base layers in the northwestern saline soil regions is triggered by the coupled effects of "water-heat-salt" factors. The fundamental mechanism lies in the chemical reaction between sulfate ions (with contents 1.5-3.6 times the limit specified in the Technical Guidelines for Construction of Highway Roadbases (JTG/T F20—2015)) and cement hydration products, generating expansive substances such as ettringite and gypsum. This leads to an average reduction of 59.74% in the compressive strength of the base layers, while high temperatures significantly accelerate salt migration and reaction processes. The active prevention and control method centered on "salt control, temperature reduction, cement reduction, and structural adjustment" indicates that material optimization is the key. Using large-grade (37.5 mm) and extra-large-grade (53 mm) base layers with low cement content reduces expansion deformation by 12.12% and 27.27%, respectively. The installation of a graded crushed stone insulation layer reduces the expansion strain at the top of the base layer by approximately 83%. A graded gravel interception layer effectively blocks capillary water-salt migration and reduces salt enrichment concentration from 5.1% to 3.9%. For generally low-salt, extremely high temperature, medium-to-high saline soil, and high-salt-high-temperature composite regions, the combinations of anti-arching base layer, anti-arching base layer + insulation layer, interception layer + anti-arching base layer, and insulation layer + anti-arching base layer + interception layer are recommended, respectively. This achieves targeted, zonal, and categorized prevention and control from mechanism to practice.
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图 3 拱胀路段水稳芯样抗压强度对比
Figure 3. Comparison of compressive strength of cement-stabilized core samples in arch expansion section
图 17 级配碎石和抗拱胀水稳砾石的膨胀应变
Figure 17. Expansion strain of graded gravel and anti-arch expansion cement-stabilized gravel
表 1 不同层位样品的易溶盐含量检测结果
Table 1. Testing results of soluble salt content for different layers samples
桩号 距拱胀水平距离/m 层位 Cl-含量/% SO42-含量/% Na+含量/% 总离子含量/% K1082+250 5 下基层 0.057 0.243 0.007 0 0.445 7 2 下基层 0.053 0.258 0.010 0 0.425 8 0 路基土 0.045 0.899 0.000 2 1.225 3 0 下基层 0.061 0.786 0.029 4 1.003 7 0 上基层 0.060 0.398 0.013 7 0.616 9 K1076+910 5 下基层 0.019 0.117 0.038 4 0.305 9 0 路基土 0.002 0.608 0.074 3 0.998 7 0 下基层 0.016 0.489 0.011 2 0.754 9 0 上基层 0.007 0.378 0.051 9 0.595 1 5 下基层 0.030 0.131 0.041 1 0.348 6 
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表 2 道路沿线水质检测结果
Table 2. Results of water quality testing along the road
路段名称 pH值 Cl-浓度/(mg·L-1) SO42-浓度/(mg·L-1) 不溶物浓度/(mg·L-1) 可溶物浓度/(mg·L-1) G30阿喀高速 7.9 185 3 972 25 450 G30喀和高速 8.1 226 4 021 25 513 S16麦喀高速 7.5 335 3 650 32 435 S13三莎高速 7.6 346 3 000 20 321
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表 3 抗拱胀水泥稳定砾石级配
Table 3. Anti-arching expansion gradation of cement stabilized gravel
类型 通过筛孔(mm)质量百分率/% 53 37.5 31.5 19 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6 0.075 超大粒径级配 100 65~75 57~64 25~35 18~28 10~20 5~11 2~5 大粒径级配 100 100 88~100 54~64 36~46 26~36 18~26 9~14 2~6
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表 4 级配碎石隔热层级配范围
Table 4. Gradation of graded stone thermal insulation layer
通过筛孔(mm)质量百分率/% 31.5 19 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6 0.075 100 60~70 45~56 35~45 22~29 8~14 2~5
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表 5 级配砾石隔断层级配范围
Table 5. Gradation of graded gravel isolation layer
通过筛孔(mm)质量百分率/% 37.5 31.5 19 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6 0.075 100 87~100 45~61 25~35 15~25 8~18 4~12 2~5
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表 6 试验结构
Table 6. Structure for experiments
层位 结构1 结构2 结构3 面层 AC-16 AC-16 AC-16 隔热层 级配碎石隔热层 基层 普通基层(水泥4.5%) 低水泥剂量抗拱胀基层(水泥3%，最大粒径37.5 mm或53 mm) 低水泥剂量抗拱胀基层(水泥3%，最大粒径37.5 mm或53 mm) 底基层 天然沙砾 级配砾石隔断层 天然沙砾 路床 天然沙砾 天然沙砾 天然沙砾
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