公轨合用钢桁架桥梁抗火研究进展

张岗; 丁宇航; 熊鑫; 赵晓翠; 陆泽磊; 王世超; 侯旭

doi:10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2026.01.002

公轨合用钢桁架桥梁抗火研究进展

doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2026.01.002

1.
长安大学公路学院, 陕西西安 710064
2.
中交第一公路勘察设计研究院有限公司, 陕西西安 710065

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 52378476

陕西省杰出青年科学基金项目 2022JC-23

陕西省科技创新团队计划 2023-CX-TD-38

长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目 300102214903

长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目 300102215711

详细信息

作者简介:
张岗(1980-)，男，甘肃庆阳人，教授，工学博士，E-mail: zhangg_2004@126.com

中图分类号: U448.13
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- 文章访问数: 18
- HTML全文浏览量: 4
- PDF下载量: 5
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-03-25
- 录用日期: 2025-08-25
- 修回日期: 2025-07-21
- 刊出日期: 2026-01-28

Research review on fire resistance of highway and railway steel truss bridge

1.
School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China
2.
CCCC First Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710065, Shaanxi, China

Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 52378476

Natural Science Basic Research Project of Shaanxi Province 2022JC-23

Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi Province 2023-CX-TD-38

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD 300102214903

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD 300102215711

More Information

Corresponding author: ZHANG Gang, professor, PhD, E-mail: zhangg_2004@126.com

Article Text (Baidu Translation)

摘要

摘要: 为提升公轨合用钢桁架桥梁(亦称低碳桥梁)抵抗火灾、结构与公轨车辆荷载联合作用的性能指标，延长公轨合用钢桁架桥梁的全寿命服役周期，通过调研现有文献、收集桥梁火灾资料、统计桥梁火灾数据，研究了桥梁火灾事故发展态势，剖析了钢桁架桥梁火灾事故特征，总结了国内外钢桁架桥梁火灾事故发生的各类原因；分析了公轨合用钢桁架桥梁的差异化火灾场景，归纳总结了公轨合用钢桁架桥梁的空间桁杆表面温度和截面升温特点；对比分析了火灾环境桥梁的热-力耦合非线性分析方法，阐明了公轨合用钢桁架桥梁的火灾破坏模式，以及抗火设计方法所需考虑的事项。研究结果表明：桥梁火灾呈逐年上升趋势，且钢桁架结构桥梁遭遇严重火灾时易发生快速连续垮塌事故；公轨合用钢桁架桥梁火灾场景、荷载布置、桁杆升温、破坏模式受其结构几何特征的影响显著；下层半封闭空间桁架结构呈现串并联及桁杆之间的多点热辐射路径，桁杆截面升温又具有薄壁多室空腔结构辐射的传热特征；桁杆的连接关系、构件的屈曲失效路径、结构的时变约束条件是抗火分析与设计中的难点；火灾环境公轨合用钢桁架桥梁在场景重构、快速评价、韧性提升和消防救援方面存在的关键问题，需要深入研究，以期对公轨合用钢桁架桥梁抗火研究与设计提供新的分析视角和指导依据。
- 桥梁工程 /
- 公轨合用钢桁架桥梁 /
- 综述 /
- 钢结构桥梁抗火 /
- 火灾场景 /
- 破坏模式 /
- 抗火设计
Abstract: To enhance fire resistance and performance of highway and railway steel truss bridges (also known as a low-carbon bridge) under the combined effects of structural and vehicle loads and extend their full-service life, existing literature was reviewed to examine the trend of bridge fire incidents, and collect bridge fire data and compile statistics on bridge fires, analyze the characteristics of fire incidents of steel truss bridges, and summarize the various causes of such accidents both domestically and internationally. Distinct fire scenarios for highway and railway steel truss bridges were identified. The characteristics of the surface temperature and section temperature rise of the highway and railway steel truss bridges were summarized. A comparative analysis was conducted on the thermal-structural coupling nonlinear analysis methods for bridges under fire exposure conditions. The fire induced failure modes of the highway and railway steel truss bridges were explored, as well as the matters that need to be considered in the fire resistance design methods. Research results show that bridge fire incidents have shown an increasing trend in recent years, and steel truss bridges exposed to severe fire are prone to rapid and progressive collapse. Fire scenarios, load arrangements, member heating, and failure modes in highway and railway steel truss bridges are significantly influenced by their geometric configurations. The lower semi-enclosed space truss structure exhibits series-parallel thermal radiation pathways between members, while the temperature rise of chord members presents heat transfer characteristics of thin-walled and multi-chamber cavity radiation. Key challenges in fire resistance analysis and design include modeling connection between members, buckling failures of components, and time-varying boundary conditions of the structure. Critical issues persist in the fire-exposed highway and railway steel truss bridges concerning scenario reconstruction, rapid assessment, resilience enhancement, and firefighting and rescue. These demands require in-depth research to provide new analytical perspectives and guidance for advancing fire resistance studies and design of such bridges.
- bridge engineering /
- highway and railway steel truss bridge /
- review /
- fire resistance of steel structural bridge /
- fire scenario /
- failure mode /
- fire resistance design

HTML全文

图 1 钢桁架结构桥梁火灾

Figure 1. Steel truss structural bridge fire

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图 2 公轨合用钢桁架桥梁火灾场景

Figure 2. Fire scenarios of highway and railway steel truss bridges

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图 3 试验火灾条件下钢桁架结构桥梁破坏模式^{[60, 68]}

Figure 3. Failure modes of steel truss structural bridge under test fire condition^{[60, 68]}

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表 1 部分钢桁架桥梁火灾事故统计

Table 1. Statistics of fire accidents in steel truss bridges

序号	用途	发生地	桥名	火灾时间	火灾起因	火损程度
1	铁路桥	印度尼西亚	雅加达钢桁架桥梁	2023年7月	客运列车与货车相撞	桁杆烧损，公路与铁路交通均中断
2	人行桥	中国	某钢桁架桥梁	2022年6月	桥底电缆起火	弦杆烧损，腹杆烧黑
3	公路桥	意大利	台伯河工业桥	2021年10月	桥下燃油管道燃烧	主跨钢桁架坍塌，陆路交通中断
4	铁路桥	美国	亚利桑那州坦佩镇湖铁路大桥	2020年7月	化学物品货运列车碰撞起火	部分桥跨钢桁架倾覆式垮塌
5	人行桥	美国	恩诺拉小径桥	2018年4月	人为纵火	桁杆烧损发黑
6	公路桥	美国	埃德·科赫·昆斯伯勒大桥	2013年8月	载货牵引拖车在下层桥面起火	上层桥梁小纵梁烧损变形，部分交通中断
7	铁路桥	美国	科罗拉多河铁路大桥	2013年5月	油罐列车相撞起火	多米诺骨牌效应式垮塌
8	公路桥	墨西哥	墨西哥Mezcala大桥	2007年3月	2辆校车和1辆卡车在中跨发生事故起火	多根拉索护套烧损，1根斜拉索断裂
9	公路桥	喀麦隆	蒙戈大桥	2004年7月	油罐车撞击大桥铁轨，左侧倾覆，起火并爆炸	整跨钢桁架桥梁坍塌

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表 2 公轨合用双层钢桁架桥梁差异化火灾场景

Table 2. Distinct fire scenarios of highway and railway steel truss bridge

火灾场景	双层钢桁架桥	普通钢桥
结构类型	正交异性钢桥面板与桁架的组合结构，断面宽，层间净空高。通常用于较大跨径斜拉桥、悬索桥、矮塔斜拉桥等	钢箱梁、钢板梁、钢混组合梁、普通钢桁梁
主要结构火灾脆弱性与安全隐患	桁杆受损、断裂，导致连续垮塌^[8]；火灾后列车运行存在安全隐患	构件屈曲、失效，主梁大变形，结构发生垮塌
公轨合用桥梁的差异化风险场景	火焰特征受桥下净空、腹杆布置与环境风速的耦合影响；多节列车起火时受火长度长；荷载规律性强，动载效应显著，需开展布载的专项研究；列车脱轨引发撞击和火灾事故

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表 3 桥梁火灾场景及参数

Table 3. Fire scenarios and parameters of bridges

火灾场景	火源诱因	燃烧特征	影响的桥梁构件	火灾行为
车辆火灾	燃油及危化品泄露起火；锂电池热失控或机械电气故障^[36-37]	热释放速率为3~300 MW^{[6, 20]}；电车火灾热释放速率为6.51~7.25 MW^[37]	结构主要承载构件(主梁、主塔根部、桁杆、桥面系)；高度较低的斜拉索、缆索、吊杆；预应力钢束	事故频次高；油罐车火灾计算温度峰值达1 400 ℃^{[6, 20]}，电池模组火灾温度可达1 500 ℃^[38]
电缆火灾	索面敷设照明设施短路；轨道交通电力设施故障；以有机高聚物材料为主要燃料	单位面积热释放速率为100~300 KW^[39-40]；火灾水平蔓延速率为0.3~0.9 mm·s^-1^[39]	系杆结构、拉索	火焰易在索结构护套表面燃烧并沿索长度方向扩散；索结构易在高温高应力状态下断裂
轨道交通火灾	运输易燃易爆品的特殊货运列车脱轨；电气设备故障短路引发火灾；人为因素	高速列车单节车厢热释放速率为15~70 MW^{[28, 41]}；重载单节罐车热释放速率计算值约为95 MW^[20]	公轨合用双层桥梁主要承载构件(主桁及正交异性钢桥面板)；轨道结构	高速列车燃烧温度为800 ℃~1 000 ℃^[28]；受火后影响范围广；车厢密闭空间加速火焰与有毒烟雾扩散

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表 4 双层钢桁架桥梁抗火设计与防护方法

Table 4. Fire resistance design and protection method of double-layer steel truss bridges

时间	参考文献	结构类型	火灾场景	影响参数	设计、计算与防护方法
2024年11月	文献[34]	双层钢桁架悬索桥	火源位置为上下层桥面应急车道；火源类型为车辆火灾(3~200 MW)；火源模型为线性增长模型	风速为0~8 m·s^-1	建议桁架腹杆与上层桥面底部设防火保护，并限制下层桥面的油罐车通行
2023年6月	文献[93]	公轨两用双层钢桁架悬索桥	火源位置为上下层桥面应急车道、桥面中央；火源类型为油罐车火灾(200 MW)；火源模型为平方增长模型；活载类型为车道荷载+地铁As型车	火灾场景；不同构件耐火涂层厚度设置为1~5 mm	全桥吊索与主缆的防护范围；建议防护厚度不低于6 mm；吊索设防高度13 m；主缆设防长度30 m
2023年5月	文献[35]	双层钢桁架悬索桥	火源位置为下层桥面应急车道；火源类型为油罐车火灾；火源模型为平方增长模型	风速为0.4~4.0 m·s^-1；上层桥面横梁间距为3~4 m	密横梁火灾温度场智能预测模型
2023年5月	文献[94]	双层钢桁架悬索桥	火源位置为上下层桥面；火源类型为车辆火灾(50~300 MW)；火源模型为平方增长模型	风速为2~5 m·s^-1；主桁尺寸(主桁宽度×主桁高度)为45 m×13.5 m、33 m×10 m、33 m×13.5 m	水平风作用下空间温度场预测模型
2023年5月	文献[95]	双层钢桁架悬索桥	火源位置为上下层桥面应急车道；火源类型为油罐车火灾(100 MW)；火源模型为线性增长模型	风速为1.34~3.87 m·s^-1；层间净高为3~15 m	无量纲火源功率、桁架构件无量纲最高温升预测模型
2016年6月	文献[96]	双层钢桁架悬索桥	火源位置为上下层桥面；火源类型为油罐车火灾(200 MW)；火源模型为线性增长模型	不同构件耐火涂层厚度设置为1~5 mm	考虑结构耐火性能的构件防火涂料设防标准；综合考虑车辆通行及结构安全的消防应急措施
2022年8月	文献[97]	双层钢桁架悬索桥	火源位置为下层桥面应急车道；火源类型为油罐车火灾(200 MW)；火源模型为线性增长模型	风速为2 m·s^-1；主桁高度为9.8~13.8 m	量纲为1顶棚烟气与桁架构件温升预测模型
2010年2月	文献[98]	双层钢桁架斜拉桥	火源位置为上下层桥面；火源类型为车辆火灾	闵浦大桥全桥预测油罐车火灾重现期约为70.6年	“预防为主，结合消防”；实施危化品车辆通行申报、引导制；建立交通监控系统；设大桥消防站系统

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