Review on research and application technology of marine methanol fuel power system
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摘要: 为解决现有船舶甲醇燃料应用研究内容分散、缺乏全链条技术体系的系统性分析等问题, 在船舶碳排放控制法规及政策分析的基础上, 综合分析了甲醇燃料特性与制备技术、甲醇燃料存储运输及加注技术、甲醇动力系统设计优化技术、甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机运行特性、甲醇燃料电池技术以及甲醇燃料风险分析与操作安全要求的研究与发展现状, 总结了船舶甲醇燃料动力系统应用技术存在的不足和挑战, 并对船舶甲醇燃料动力系统应用技术的发展趋势进行了总结和展望, 为船舶甲醇燃料动力系统关键技术的研究与应用提供重要参考。分析结果表明: 甲醇燃料的应用是实现船舶脱碳目标的重要选择之一, 然而, 在经济性、安全性及全生命周期碳排放等方面有待开展进一步论证分析; 未来需在绿色甲醇制备、燃料安全存储运输、燃料泄漏与防腐、续航力提升、发动机性能优化与控制等技术方面不断突破, 从而促进航运业的低碳化发展, 满足日益严格的船舶碳排放法规的要求。Abstract: To address the problems of fragmented research contents and the lack of systematic analysis of a full-chain technical system in existing studies on marine methanol fuel application, a comprehensive analysis was conducted based on the analysis of ship carbon emission control regulations and policies. The research and development status of methanol fuel characteristics and production technologies, methanol fuel storage, transportation, and refueling technologies, methanol power system design optimization technologies, methanol/diesel dual-fuel engine operating characteristics, methanol fuel cell technologies, and methanol fuel risk analysis and operation safety requirements was comprehensively analysed. The shortcomings and challenges in the application technologies of marine methanol fuel power systems were summarized. The future development trends of application technologies of marine methanol fuel power systems were summarized and prospected. Important references were provided for the research and application of key technologies of marine methanol fuel power systems. Analysis results indicate that the methanol fuel application is one of the important options for achieving ship decarbonization targets. Further demonstration and analysis are still required in terms of economy, safety, and full life-cycle carbon emissions. In the future, continuous breakthroughs are required in technologies including green methanol production, safe fuel storage and transportation, fuel leakage and corrosion prevention, endurance improvement, and engine performance optimization and control, thus promoting the low-carbon development of the shipping industry and meeting the requirements of increasingly stringent ship carbon emission regulations.
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表 1 甲醇燃料特性
Table 1. Characteristics of methanol fuel
特性 参数信息 外观与气味 无色透明液体，具有刺激性气味 熔点/℃ 97.7 沸点/℃ 64.7 闪点/℃ 12 热值/(MJ·kg-1) 19.9 能量密度/(MJ·L-1) 15.7 与轻柴油能量密度比值 2.5 燃烧时CO2排放量/ [kg·(kW·h)-1] 0.248 6 溶解性 与水或多种有机溶剂(如乙醇)以任意比例互溶 引燃温度/℃ 464 蒸气压 常温下蒸气压较高，易形成可燃蒸气 
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表 2 甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机特性分析
Table 2. Characterization analysis of the methanol/diesel dual-fuel engine
文献 发动机参数或优化方法 结果 [43] 甲醇替代率、初始气缸参数、柴油喷射参数 通过优化可有效降低发动机在低负荷时的排放性能 [44] MSP、EGR、EB MSP增加，NO2排放量先增后降；EGR可降低NO2排放；EB增加导致NOx排放增大 [45] 发动机负荷、进气温度、冷却水温度、甲醇温度 较高的进气温度、甲醇温度和冷却水温度有利于提高效率 [50] 进气道喷射、缸内直喷 采用缸内直喷方式时，可减少85%的NOx排放 [51] 后喷柴油策略 可降低NOx排放12.9% [52] D/M、M/D、M/D/M M/D是最经济、排放最少的模式 [53] D/M、M/D、M/D/M M/D/M模式的热力学性能较佳 [54] SR 可有效提高燃油经济性 [55] ESR、柴油喷射定时 甲醇直喷策略具有更好的燃烧特性，从而可有效降低污染物排放 [56] 预喷甲醇策略 提高了ITE，并显著减少CO2排放量 [57] 优化喷射策略 指示燃油消耗率降低3.95% [58] 双燃料直喷模式 ESR最高可达52.4% [59] DDFS模式 可以提高热效率，降低碳排放 [61] DMDF模式 可以降低NOx和Soot的排放 [62] 喷油器喷孔数 喷孔数为9时，指示热效率较原柴油机提升了2.73% [63] VCR 压缩比为19时热效率最高 [69] 遗传算法 基于该算法进行喷油器安装优化，可有效提高发动机的热力学性能 [70] CFD方法 基于该方法分析发现单侧孔喷嘴可促进甲醇燃烧 [71] RMDF模式 基于该方法可以实现更加清洁、高效的燃烧效果 [72] GWO算法、熵权逼近理想解排序法 基于该方法可降低NOx排放26.22%，指示燃油消耗率降低13.39%
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表 3 甲醇燃料操作安全要求
Table 3. Methanol fuel operational safety requirements
相关文件 主要内容 《船舶应用甲醇/乙醇燃料指南》 涵盖了船舶布置、燃料储存、加注、通风、消防、电气系统、监控以及人员保护等多个方面的安全内容，适用于20 m及以上使用甲醇/乙醇为燃料的钢质或等效金属材料船舶 《船舶甲醇燃料加注作业指南》 加注车和受注船需满足相关标准和法规要求，人员需具备资质并配备防护装备，作业现场需严格管控热工作业和静电风险 《甲醇燃料动力船舶技术与检验暂行规则》 船舶的布置、轮机、电气、控制、监测和安全系统、消防以及甲醇燃料储存等方面的技术规范。明确了规则的目的与适用范围，规定了甲醇燃料动力船舶的检验种类、检验项目以及发证的操作性要求 Guidelines on methanol fueled vessels 涉及船舶设计、燃料储存、加注、通风、消防、电气系统、监控以及人员保护等多方面的安全要求 Methanol safe bandling manual 关于甲醇的物理化学特性、环境和健康安全风险、安全操作规程、应急响应程序等
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表 4 甲醇燃料船舶减排效果
Table 4. Emission reduction effect of methanol-fueled ships
船舶 效果 动力类型 “Stena Germanica”号 减少CO2排放量70% 甲醇/柴油 “Stena Pro Patria”号 分别降低CO2和NOx排放量75%和15% 甲醇/柴油 中远海运集装箱船 降低碳排放约8.9% 甲醇 “领先1”号 降低CO2排放量11.25% 甲醇/柴油 “Island Sky”号 与传统燃料相比，CO2、NOx和SOx排放量分别降低25.70%、38.46%和45.00% 甲醇/柴油 “ECO LEVANT”号 EEDI可以达到5.94 燃料电池混合动力
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