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摘要: 考虑落石下落高度、质量、形状和垫层厚度等参数, 采用室内模型试验研究了消能棚洞冲击信号的动力特征, 获得了冲击信号的频谱和自相关曲线, 分析了冲击信号的时频特征和最大频谱对应的振动频率及其变化规律, 并基于小波分析方法提取了各个频段的冲击信号, 获得了冲击信号能量的主要分布范围。研究结果表明: 随着落石下落高度的增加, 棚洞顶板中心处冲击信号的频谱幅值增大, 且该冲击信号的频谱有4个峰值, 呈对称分布; 不同形状落石冲击棚洞时冲击信号频谱幅值由大到小的顺序依次为球形、长方体、立方体和圆柱体; 普通棚洞顶部垫层越厚、落石质量越小时, 棚洞顶板中心处冲击信号的频谱幅值越小; 当5 kg球形落石从0.5 m高处下落冲击顶部未铺设垫层的棚洞时, 消能棚洞冲击信号的最大频谱和自相关曲线峰值较普通棚洞分别降低了60.98%和82.57%;当5 kg球形落石从2 m高处下落冲击顶部未铺设垫层的棚洞时, 消能棚洞的落石冲击能量主要分布在冲击信号频率15.625~62.500 Hz处, 占总能量的63.73%, 普通棚洞的落石冲击能量主要分布在冲击信号频率0~15.625 Hz处, 占总能量的74.30%。可见, 消能棚洞设计时应主要考虑中频冲击, 而普通棚洞设计时应主要考虑低频冲击。Abstract: Considering the rockfall falling height, mass, shape and cushion thickness, the impact signal dynamic characteristics of energy dissipation shed tunnel were studied by the indoor model test. The spectrums and autocorrelation curves of impact signal were obtained. The time-frequency characteristics of impact signal and the vibration frequency and its change law corresponding to the maximum spectrum were analyzed, and the impact signal of each frequency band was extracted based on the wavelet analysis method. The main energy distribution range of impact signal was obtained. Research result shows that the spectrum magnitude of impact signal at the center of shed tunnel roof increases as the rockfall falling height increases, and this spectrum of impact signal has four peaks with a symmetric distribution. When rockfalls with different shapes impact the shed tunnel, the order of spectrum magnitudes of impact signals from big to small is spherical, cuboid, cube and cylindrical. The thicker the ordinary shed tunnel roof cushion and the smaller the rockfall mass, the smaller the spectrum magnitude of impact signal at the center of shed tunnel roof. When a 5 kg spherical rockfall falls from the height of 0.5 m to impact the shed tunnel without cushion at the top, the maximum spectrum of impact signal of energy dissipation shed tunnel and the peak of autocorrelation curves are 60.98% and 82.57% lower than those of ordinary shed tunnel, respectively. When a 5 kg spherical rockfall falls from the height of 2.0 m to impact the shed tunnel without cushion at the top, the rockfall impact energy of energy dissipation shed tunnel mainly distributes in the frequency range of impact signal from 15.625 to 62.500 Hz, accounting for 63.73% of total energy. The rockfall impact energy of ordinary shed tunnel mainly distributes in the frequency range of impact signal from 0 to 15.625 Hz, accounting for 74.30% of total energy. Thus, the medium-frequency impact should be considered priorly when designing an energy dissipation shed tunnel, and the low-frequency impact should be considered priorly when designing an ordinary shed tunnel.
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图 6 不同落石下落高度时普通棚洞顶板中心处冲击信号频谱
Figure 6. Spectrums of impact signals at center of ordinary shed tunnel roof under different rockfall falling heights
图 7 不同落石形状下普通棚洞顶板中心处冲击信号频谱
Figure 7. Spectrums of impact signals at center of ordinary shed tunnel roof under different rockfall shapes
图 8 不同垫层厚度下普通棚洞顶板中心处冲击信号频谱
Figure 8. Spectrums of impact signals at center of ordinary shed tunnel roof under different cushion thicknesses
图 9 不同落石质量下普通棚洞顶板中心处冲击信号频谱
Figure 9. Spectrums of impact signals at center of ordinary shed tunnel roof under different rockfall masses
图 10 消能棚洞与普通棚洞冲击信号频谱对比
Figure 10. Comparison of impact signal spectrums between energy dissipation shed tunnel and ordinary shed tunnel
图 11 消能棚洞和普通棚洞冲击信号的自相关曲线
Figure 11. Autocorrelation curves of impact signals of energy dissipation shed tunnel and ordinary shed tunnel
图 12 消能棚洞的小波分析结果
Figure 12. Wavelet analysis results for energy dissipation shed tunnel
图 14 消能棚洞和普通棚洞各频段信号的能量分布
Figure 14. Energy distributions of each frequency band signal for energy dissipation shed tunnel and ordinary shed tunnel
表 2 混凝土强度测试结果
Table 2. Concrete strength test results
强度指标 3 d平均抗压强度/MPa 28 d平均抗压强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa 指标值 24.2 39.5 25.0 
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表 3 试验因素取值
Table 3. Values of test factors
因素 水平 落石质量/kg 2 3 4 5 垫层厚度/cm 3 6 9 12 落石下落高度/m 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 落石形状 球形 立方体 圆柱体 长方体
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表 4 消能棚洞的能量百分比
Table 4. Energy percentages of energy dissipation shed tunnel
频率带编号 1 2 3 4 5 6 频段/Hz (0, 15.625] (15.625, 31.250] (31.250, 62.500] (62.500, 125.000] (125.000, 250.000] (250.000, 500.000] 能量百分比/% 18.67 30.20 33.53 16.93 0.41 0.26
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表 5 普通棚洞的能量百分比
Table 5. Energy percentages of ordinary shed tunnel
频率带编号 1 2 3 4 5 6 频段/Hz (0, 15.625] (15.625, 31.250] (31.250, 62.500] (62.500, 125.000] (125.000, 250.000] (250.000, 500.000] 能量百分比/% 74.30 6.99 6.66 7.13 4.13 0.79
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